FA complete review part 2 Physiology/Anatomy
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| show | 1. Nucleus Solitarius
2. Nucleus Ambiguus
3. Dorsal motor nucleus
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| What is the function of the Nucleus solitarius? | show 🗑
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| show | VII, IX, and X
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| Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, and upper esophagus. Which vagal nuclei is described? | show 🗑
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| What actions are performed or regulated by Nucleus ambiguus? | show 🗑
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| CNs involved in the nucleus ambiguus | show 🗑
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| show | X
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| What is the function of the Dorsal motor nucleus? | show 🗑
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| show | Corneal, Lacrimation, Jaw jerk, Pupillary, and gag reflexes.
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| Afferent corneal reflex is done by which nerve? | show 🗑
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| show | Bilateral VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)
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| Which reflex is checked by testing Bilateral VII (temporal branch)? | show 🗑
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| Which cranial nerve reflexes are regulated by the CN V1? | show 🗑
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| show | Preclude emotional tears
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| show | VII
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| CN V3 cranial afferent reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | Afferent Jaw jerk reflex due to V3 stimulation
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| show | V3 (motor -masseter)
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| show | Masseter
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| Which CN is involved in the efferent part of the Pupillary cranial reflex? | show 🗑
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| What is the cranial nerve involved in the afferent part of the Pupillary reflex? | show 🗑
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| Which reflex is checked by testing CN II? | show 🗑
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| A damaged CN III, will cause loss of what part of the pupillary reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | IX
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| Which CN is involved in the efferent part of the gag reflex? | show 🗑
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| Damaged CN X will cause a deficit in which cranial nerve reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | 3
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| How many (number) muscles are needed to open the jaw? | show 🗑
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| Which muscles are used to close the jaw? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral pterygoid
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| All mastication muscles ar innervated by which cranial nerve? | show 🗑
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| Which subdivision of the Trigeminal nerve is in charge to innervate all opening and closing jaw muscles? | show 🗑
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| Which Pterygoid muscle is used to open the jaw, lateral or medial? | show 🗑
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| The Medial pterygoid muscle _______________ the jaw. | show 🗑
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| Masseter, Temporalis, and Medial pterygoid. | show 🗑
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| Total number of pairs of spinal nerves | show 🗑
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| show | - 8 cervical pairs
- 12 thoracic pairs
- 5 lumbar pairs
-5 sacral pais
- 1 coccygeal pair
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| How many Cervical Spinal nerve pairs exist? | show 🗑
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| Which subdivision has the most spinal nerve pairs? | show 🗑
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| show | Lumbar and Sacral
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| How many coccygeal spinal nerve pairs exist? | show 🗑
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| Which spinal nerves exit above the corresponding vertebra? | show 🗑
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| show | Exit ABOVE the corresponding vertebra
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| Do spinal nerves form C1-C7 exit above or below, the corresponding vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| show | C8 spinal nerve
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| C8 spinal nerve exits ---> | show 🗑
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| show | T1
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| C8 spinal nerve exits below the ________. | show 🗑
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| show | Below
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| Where would C3 spinal nerve exit the vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| Where would L2 spinal nerve exits the vertebra? | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus pulposus herniates through annulus fibrosus
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| MC location anatomically for Vertebral disc herniation | show 🗑
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| show | Nerve below the level of herniation
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| show | S1
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| show | Absent ankle reflex
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| In a vertebral disc herniation of L3-L4, which nerve is affected and which would be spared? | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleus pulposus
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| show | Annulus fibrosus
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| show | L1-L2 vertebrae
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| The subarachnoid space extends how far in healthy adults? | show 🗑
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| show | L3-L4 or L4-L5
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| Why is an LP (lumbar puncture) usually performed in L3-L5 area? | show 🗑
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| show | L3-L5 vertebrae
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| show | Obtain sample of CSF without damaging spinal cord
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| What are the two DESCENDING spinal cord tracts? | show 🗑
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| What are the divisions of the Lateral corticospinal tracts? | show 🗑
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| What is controlled or regulated by the Descending tracts of the Spinal cord? | show 🗑
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| List of all ASCENDING spinal tracts: | show 🗑
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| What type of sensory information is controlled or sensed by the Dorsal column? | show 🗑
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| What are the divisions of the Dorsal column?? | show 🗑
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| Fasciculus gracilis controls which part of the body? | show 🗑
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| show | Upper body, arms
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| show | Upper body and arms
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| show | Dorsal column
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| show | Pain and temperature
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| What is sense by the Anterior Spinothalamic tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Sacral an lumbar
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| show | Deficit in sensing pain and temperature
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| Ascending or Descending. Lateral Spinothalamic tract: | show 🗑
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| Ascending or Descending: Anterior Spinothalamic tract: | show 🗑
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| The Dorsal Column is ascending or Descending tract? | show 🗑
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| Ascending and Descending. Fasciculus gracilis? | show 🗑
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| Fasciculus Cuneatus is it descending or ascending? | show 🗑
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| show | Descending
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| show | Descending
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| Name of the anterior descending spinal cord tract: | show 🗑
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| Key. If the name of the of the spinal tract has the cord "Cortico-" is ascending or descending? | show 🗑
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| show | Ascending
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| Pain and temperature are sensed by which spinal cord tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior Spinothalamic tract
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| show | Synapse and then cross
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| show | Ascending tracts
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| show | Sensory nerve ending --> bypass pseudounipolar cell body in dorsal root ganglion --> enter spinal cord --> ascend ipsilaterally in dorsal column
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| show | Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus (ipsilateral medulla)
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| Decussates in medulla and then ascends contralaterally as the medial lemniscus. | show 🗑
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| Where is the Synapse 2 of the Dorsal column? | show 🗑
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| What are the two division of the Spinothalamic tract? | show 🗑
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| Describe the mechanism of the 1st order neuron in the Spinothalamic tract: | show 🗑
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| Where is the Synapse 1 of the Spinothalamic tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Decussates in spinal cord as the anterior white commissure and then ascends contralaterally
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| show | Medulla
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| show | Medial lemniscus
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| What can be found to travel up alongside the second order neuron of the dorsal columns? | show 🗑
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| Where is the Synapse 2 of the spinothalamic tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Dorsal columns and Spinothalamic tracts
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| show | Spinothalamic tract
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| show | Lateral corticospinal tract
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| What is the 1st-order neuron function of the Lateral corticospinal tract? | show 🗑
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| show | Caudal medulla
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| show | Pyramidal decussation
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| show | Lateral corticospinal tract
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| Which is the 1st-order neuron of the lateral corticospinal tract, UMN or LMN? | show 🗑
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| show | Cell body of anterior horn of the spinal cord
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| What is the most likely referred tract, if the synapse 1 happens that the cell body of anterior horn of spinal cord? | show 🗑
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| LMN of the Lateral corticospinal tract is the ----> | show 🗑
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| show | Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) ---> muscle fibers
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| What are the 4 main clinical reflexes? | show 🗑
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| Nerve roots of the Achilles reflex | show 🗑
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| Which is the main nerve root of the Achilles reflex? | show 🗑
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| A damage to the S1, S2 nerve roots will cause --> | show 🗑
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| show | Weak or absent Patellar reflex
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| What are the nerve roots of the Patellar reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | L4
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| Which reflex is tested by checking L3/L4 nerve roots? | show 🗑
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| show | C5 and C6
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| show | C5
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| show | Biceps and Brachioradialis reflexes
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| show | Achilles
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| show | Patellar
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| C5, C6 nerve roots ------> reflex? | show 🗑
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| Which are the nerve roots involved in the Triceps reflex? | show 🗑
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| Which is the main nerve root in the Triceps reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | Triceps
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| show | C7 and C8
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| show | Weak or absent Triceps reflex
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| show | Weak or absent Biceps and Brachioradialis reflexes
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| "testicles move" reflex. | show 🗑
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| show | Cremasteric reflex
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| Which are the nerve roots involved in the Cremasteric reflex? | show 🗑
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| Damage to L1 or L2 nerve roots will probable cause abnormal __________ reflex. | show 🗑
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| show | Anal wink reflex
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| show | S3 and S4
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| Damage to the S3 or S4 nerve roots result in ----> | show 🗑
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| CNS reflexes that are present in a healthy infant, but are absent in a neurologically intact adult | show 🗑
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| What are Primitive reflexes? | show 🗑
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| By when are Primitive reflexes normally gone? | show 🗑
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| show | Frontal lobe
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| What is a possible consequence of a frontal lobe lesion? | show 🗑
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| Description of the Moro reflex: | show 🗑
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| show | Moro reflex
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| What is the rooting (primitive) reflex? | show 🗑
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| What is a common way to refer to the rooting reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | Rooting reflex
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| What is the description of the Sucking reflex? | show 🗑
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| show | Sucking reflex
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| What is the Palmar (primitive) reflex? | show 🗑
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| Curling of fingers as the palm of an infant is stroked. | show 🗑
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| Definition of the Plantar reflex | show 🗑
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| show | Presence of Plantar reflex in an adult
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| A (+) Babinski sign indicates: | show 🗑
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| show | (+) Babinski sign
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| show | Stroking alongside of the spine while newborn is in ventral suspension causes lateral flexion of lower body toward stimulated side
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| show | Galant reflex
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| What is the possible age of a healthy human with (+) plantar, Moro, and Rooting reflexes? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral flexion of lower body toward the stimulated side
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| show | Left side
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| Dermatome C2 distribution | show 🗑
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| show | C2
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| Which dermatome distribution is described as "high turtle neck"? | show 🗑
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| What dermatomes are the ones that refer diaphragm and gallbladder pain to the right shoulder? | show 🗑
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| show | Phrenic nerve
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| show | C4
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| show | Low-collar shirt
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| Which digits are included in C6 dermatome distribution? | show 🗑
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| What is a Dermatome? | show 🗑
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| show | Dermatome
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| By which dermatome are thumbs covered or prove skin nerve sensation? | show 🗑
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| Which dermatome location is described by "At the nipple"? | show 🗑
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| Which dermatome covers the nipple? | show 🗑
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| T4 dermatome distribution is at the ______________. | show 🗑
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| show | T7
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| What part of body is covered by T7 dermatome? | show 🗑
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| Which dermatome is located or distributed at the umbilicus? | show 🗑
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| Damage to spinal root T10 will cause lack of skin sensation tow which part of body (dermatome)? | show 🗑
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| show | Appendicitis
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| show | T10
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| L1 dermatome distribution: | show 🗑
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| show | L1
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| L4 includes what part of the lower extremities? | show 🗑
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| show | L4
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| show | Penile and anal zones
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| show | Penile and anal zones
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| show | S2, S3, and S4
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| show | 1. Language comprehension
2. Behavior
3. Memory
4. Hearing
5. Emotions
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| Which lobe has the area of the brain in charge of language comprehension? | show 🗑
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| A person with changes in behavior, hearing, and memorey, as well with deficits in language comprehension, most likely suffered from an injury to which brain lobe? | show 🗑
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| show | - Hormones
- Growth
- Fertility
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| Damage to the pituitary gland may represent damage into which overall characteristics: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Breathing
2. Blood pressure
3. Heartbeat
4. Swallowing
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| Breathing, swallowing, BP, and HR are controlled all by which area of the CNS? | show 🗑
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| What is coordinated by the actions of the Cerebellum? | show 🗑
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| A deficit in balance and coordination may represent damage to the ______________________. | show 🗑
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| Occipital lobe has which physiological feature under its control? | show 🗑
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| Which brain lobe houses the vision control and ability? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Telling right from left
2. Calculations
3. Sensations
4. Reading
5. Writing
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| A person unable to distinguish "right" from "left" may present with damage to: | show 🗑
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| show | Parietal lobe
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| Reading is controlled by which lobe? | show 🗑
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| show | Parietal lobe
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| Acalculia is due to damage or injury to the _____________ lobe. | show 🗑
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| List of actions controlled or managed by the Frontal lobe of the brain: | show 🗑
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| Which actions are controlled or coordinated by the Frontal and Temporal lobes of the brain? | show 🗑
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| A person with movement deficits may have suffered an brain injury involving which lobe? | show 🗑
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| Personality changes, may be due to injuries to the _____________ lobe. | show 🗑
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| Unable to make decisions, as well as bad judgement calls, may represent an injury to which brain lobe? | show 🗑
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| Which brain area or lobe has more actions or roles under its control? | show 🗑
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| show | Taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing, temperature, and pain
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| show | Parietal lobe
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| show | - Hand-eye coordination
- Recognizing body position
- Judging distances
- Moving between objects
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| show | Sight
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| show | Occipital lobe
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| show | Frontal lobe
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| show | Planning, organizing, problem solving, decision-making, reasoning
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| show | Speaking fluently and with meaning
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| Wernicke's area in the Temporal lobe is in charge of: | show 🗑
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