16, 64, 65, 66
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| Electrolytes | substances that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in fluid
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| Acids | substances that release hydrogen into fluid
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| Bases | substances that bind with hydrogen
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| Intracellular fluid | fluid located within cells
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| Extracellular fluid | fluid outside of cells (includes interstitial fluid & intravascular fluid)
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| Interstitial fluid | fluid between cells
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| Intravascular fluid | fluid in the plasma (serum) portion of blood
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| Osmosis | movement of water through a semipermeable membrane - one that allows some but not all substances in a solution to pass through from a diluted area to a more concentrated area
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| Filtration | promotes the movement of fluid and some dissolved substances through a semipermeable membrane according to pressure differences (higher to lower concentration)
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| Passive diffusion | physiologic process by which dissolved substances move from an area of high concentration through a semipermeable membrane
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| Facilitated diffusion | process in which certain dissolved substances require the assistance of a carrier molecule to pass from one side of a cellular membrane to the other
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| Active transport | requires ATP to drive dissolved chemicals from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration (opposite of passive diffusion)
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| Osmoreceptors | specialized neurons that sense the serum osmolality in blood
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| Serum osmolality | concentration of substances
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| Baroreceptors | stretch receptors in the aortic arch & carotid sinus that signal brain to release ADH when blood volume decreases by 10%, systolic BP falls below 90, or the right atrium is under-filled
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| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system | series of chemicals released to increase BP and blood volume. Triggered by juxtaglomerular apparatus
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| Natriuretic peptides | hormone-like substances that act in opposition to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
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| Fluid imbalance | general term describing any of several conditions in which the body's water is not in the proper volume or location
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| Hypovolemia | fluid volume deficit - low volume of extracellular fluid
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| Dehydration | volume of body fluid is significantly reduced in both extracellular and intracellular compartments
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| Hemoconcentration | high ratio of blood components in relation to watery plasma, increases the potential for blood clots, urinary stones, and compromises the kidney's ability to excrete nitrogen wastes.
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| Skin tenting | skin that remains elevated and is slow to return to underlying tissue - indicates dehydration
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| Hypervolemia | fluid volume excess - high volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment
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| Circulatory overload | fluid volume that exceeds what is normal for the intravascular space and can potentially compromise cardiopulmonary function
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| Pitting edema | indentations in the skin after compression - typically does not occur until there is 3 L excess in the intravascular volume
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| Dependent edema | edema in body areas most affected by gravity - feet, ankles, sacrum, or buttocks
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| Hemodilution | reduced ratio of blood components to watery plasma
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| Generalized edema | all interstitial spaces, sometimes called brawny edema or anasarca
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| Ions | positively or negatively charged particles
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| Cation | positively charged electrolyte
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| Chvostek sign | unilateral spasm of facial muscles - elicited by tapping over facial nerve (approximately 2 cm anterior to earlobe)
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| Trousseau sign | spam of fingers, hand, and wrist when a BP cuff is inflated to a level between patient's systolic & diastolic BP for 3 minutes
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| Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system | major chemical regulator of plasma pH - ratio of 20 parts HCO2 to 1 part H2CO3 maintains normal plasma pH
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| Compensation | acceleration of regulatory processes in the lungs and kidneys when an imbalance in acids or bases occurs
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| Acidosis | excessive accumulation of acids or excessive loss of bicarbonate in body fluids
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| Alkalosis | excessive accumulation of bases or loss of acids in body fluids
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| Anion gap | difference between sodium and potassium cation concentrations and the sum of chloride and bicarbonate anions in the extracellular fluid
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| Anion | negatively charged ion
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| Epidermis | outermost skin layer
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| Dermis | skin layer below epidermis
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| Stratum corneum | outer layer of dead skin cells in epidermis
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| Keratin | tough protective protein in epidermis
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| Subcutaneous tissue | layer of skin attached to muscle and bone - comprised of connective tissue & fat cells
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| Melanin | pigment that determines color of skin
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| Radiation | transfer of surface heat in the environment
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| Conduction | transfer of heat through contact
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| Evaporation | loss of moisture or water
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| Convection | transfer of heat by means of currents of liquids or gases in which warm air molecules move away from the body
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| Machanoreceptors | detect touch, location, pressure, motion, vibration, size, and texture. So sensitive that humans can be aware of mosquito on skin surface
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| Thermoreceptors | perceive sensations of heat and cold
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| Nociceptors | sense and transmit location of pain stimuli
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| Vellus hair | wooly or wispy texture
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| Terminal hair | coarser variety develops at puberty under influence of androgen in the axillae, pubic region, face in men, arms, chest, and legs.
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| Sebaceous glands | connected to each hair follicle and secrete oily substance called sebum
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| Sebum | lubricant that prevents drying and cracking of the skin and hair
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| Eccrine glands | release water and electrolytes like sodium and chloride in form of perspiration
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| Apocrine glands | found around nipples, anogenital region, eyelids, mammary glands of the breast, and in external ear canals - some species apocrine glands release pheromones
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| Pheromones | hormone-like chemicals that communicate reproductive and social information among the species
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| Senile lentigines | small, brown, pigmented, benign lesions on hands & forearms of elderly - also known as liver spots
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| Senile keratosis | smalls, yellow or brown, raised lesions found on face and trunk of elderly - may be precancerous - removed by freezing, chemical peel, cauterization, or topical creams
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| Pressure sore | decubitus ulcer - occurs when capillary blood flow to an area is reduced
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| Friction | effect that occurs when one object rubs against the other
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| Shearing | physical force that separates layers of tissues in opposite directions
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| Skin tear | shallow break in the skin
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| Wood's light | black light - handheld device that can identify certain fungal infections that fluoresce under long-wave ultraviolet light
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| Hyphae | threadlike filaments within the cells of most fungi
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| Laser | Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
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| Cryosurgery | application of extreme subfreezing cold with a probe or agent such as a liquid nitrogen
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| Electrodesiccation | electrosurgery - use of electrical energy converted to heat to destroy or remove superficial growths from the skin by dehydrating and shrinking the affected tissue
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| Photochemotherapy | combination of ultraviolet light and a photosynthesizing chemical to destroy cells
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| Third-Spacing | translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular spaces to tissue compartments, where it becomes trapped and useless
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| Acne vulgaris | inflammatory disorder that affects the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
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| Alopecia | condition that affects the hair follicles and results in partial or total hair loss
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| Alopecia areata | autoimmune disorder causing patchy areas of hair loss that can progress to total hair loss and even loss of hair from entire body
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| Androgenic alopecia | genetically acquired condition referred to by many as male-pattern baldness, also affects women to a milder degree
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| Body piercing | act of inserting a metal ring or barbell (straight or curved rod) into lips, ear cartilage, cheeks, nose, tongue, eyebrows, navel, nipples, or genital areas
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| Carbuncle | deep skin and subcutaneous abscess from which pus drains
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| Comedone | skin condition
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| Dandruff | loose, scaly material of dead keratinized epithelium shed from the scalp
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| Dermabrasion | method of removing surface layers of scarred skin using sandpaper, a rotating wire brush, chemicals, or a diamond wheel
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| Dermatitis | general term that refers to an inflammation of the skin
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| Dermatome | skin area supplied by a nerve
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| Dermatophytes | parasitic fungi that invade the skin, scalp, and nails
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| Dermaphytoses | superficial fungi infections
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| Erythema | redness of the skin
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| Furuncle | skin infection commonly called a boil
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| Furunculosis | condition of having multiple furuncles or boils
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| Granuloma | inflammatory nodular lesion
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| Herpes zoster | skin disorder (shingles) that develops later after an infection with varicella (chickenpox) due to an acute reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which lies dormant in nerve roots
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| Keloids | overgrowth of scar tissue especially among those with darkly pigmented skin
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| Nits | eggs laid by adult female lice that are tightly cemented to the side of hair shafts
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| Onychocryptosis | ingrown toenail
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| Onychomycosis | fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails
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| Pediculosis | infestation with lice
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| Photochemotherapy | combination of ultraviolet light therapy and a photosynthesizing drug to destroy cells
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| Podiatrist | practitioner who specializes in the care for feet
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| Pruritus | itching
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| Psoriasis | chronic, noninfectious inflammatory disorder of the skin in which the cells of the epidermis proliferate so quickly that the upper layer of cells cannot be shed fast enough to make room for the newly produced cells
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| Rhinophyma | skin condition of inflamed tissue that causes the nose to become permanently enlarged, red, nodular, and bulbous
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| Rosacea | chronic skin disorder characterized by a "rosy" appearance; generally affects fair-skinned people 30 to 60 years old
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| Scabies | skin disorder caused by infestation with the itch mite
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| Seborrhea | dermatologic condition associated with excessive production of secretions from the sebaceous glands
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| Seborrhea dermatitis | skin condition that appears as red areas covered by yellowish, greasy-appearing scales
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| Shingles | skin disorder that develops years after an infection with varicella (chicken pox)
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| Tattoo | pigmentation of the dermal layer of skin with injection of needles containing dye
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| Telangiectasis | chronically dilated blood vessels appearing as visible linear streaks on the skin with a spidery appearance
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| Allograft | skin graft that uses human skin obtained from a cadaver to temporarily cover large areas of tissue until the client's own skin can be used for skin grafting
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| Autograft | skin graft that uses a client's own skin, which is transplanted from one part of the body to another
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| Closed method | burn wound management technique
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| Debridement | natural, mechanical, enzymatic, or surgical removal of necrotic tissue
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| Epithelialization | regrowth of skin
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| Eschar | hard leathery crust of dehydrated skin that forms in areas of full-thickness burns
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| Escharotomy | incision into eschar to relieve constricting pressure
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| Full-thickness burn | thermal injury that destroys all layers of the skin
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| Full-thickness graft | skin graft in which the epidermis, dermis, and some subcutaneous tissue are harvested from the client's skin
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| Hyperbaric oxygen treatment | administration of 100% at three times greater than atmospheric pressure in a specially designed chamber
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| Open method | burn wound management technique in which the wound is left uncovered
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| Partial-thickness burn | thermal injury classified as either superficial or deep partial thickness, depending on how much dermis is damaged
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| Slit graft | skin graft in which skin is removed from a client's donor site and passed through an instrument that perforates it in multiple places so that a smaller piece of skin can be stretched to cover a larger area
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| Split-thickness graft | skin graft in which the epidermis and a thin layer of dermis are harvested from the client's skin
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| Stridor | high-pitched, harsh sound during respiration, indicative of airway obstruction
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| Superficial burn | thermal injury in which the epidermis is injured, but the dermis is unaffected
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| Tachypnea | increased rate of breathing
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| Xenograft | skin graft that comes from animals, typically used to cover large areas
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