Radiation Safety
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| What percentage of public exposure to ionizing radiation is from medical sources? | 50%
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| Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested...? | during the life of the exposed individual
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| Increase field size, while leaving technical factors unchanged will...? | increase the DAP
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| Diagnostic x-radiation are correctly described as...? | low energy, low LET
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| What are sources of secondary radiation? | leakage radiation and scattered radiation
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| Late-radiation-induced somatic effects include? | thyroid cancers, cataractogenesis, and genetic mutations
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| What effect does the quantity of ionizing radiation when delivered to a body over a long period of time? | will be less than if it were delivered all at one time
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| What is the most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract? | small bowel
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| What is the annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals valid for? | beta, x-, and gamma radiations
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| Patient dose during fluroscopy is affected by the..? | Distance between the patient and the input phosphor, amount of magnification, and tissue density
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| According to NRCP, the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit to the thyroid, skin, and extremities is..? | 500 msv
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| Aluminum filtration has its greatest effect on... | low energy x-ray photons
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| Early symptoms of acute radiation syndrome are...? | leukopenia, nausea, and vomiting
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| Who is protected by the bucky slot cover? | patient, fluroscopist, and technoligst
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| Most effective type of shield for anterior and lateral male gonadel protection during fluroscopy? | shaped contact (contour)
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| The SSD in mobile Fluroscopy must be..? | a minimum of 30 cm
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| What would result in the greatest skin dose? | Short SID
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| In the production of Breamsstahlung radiation...? | the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss
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| What are filters used in radiographic x-ray tubes generally composed of? | aluminum
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| What is the purpose of filters in a film badge? | to measure radiation quality
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| Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result..? | cleaved chromosome, cross-linking, and mutation
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| LET | how much energy is deposited per unit length of track
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| OER | Enhancement of effect of radiation due to the presence of oxygen. Expressed as the ratio of radiation dose required to produce a given effect with no oxygen present to the dose required to produce the same effect in 1 atmosphere of air
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| RBE | Take into account tissue weighting factors in determining effect of ionizing radiation
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| NRCP | National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurments-- issues reports of guidelines needed to be followed
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| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission- regulates nuclear power plants and other uses for nuclear materials
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| Target Theory | used to explain why some cells die vs. survive
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| Radiolysis | Radiation interaction with water
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| Fractionation | Equal doses of radiation delivered with time interval seperation
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| Protraction | Radiation dose delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate
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| Ten day Rule | Practice allowing of women of childbearing age to only be irriadiated for certain imaging exams in the 10 days following onset of menses, ACR dismissed.
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| Short term effects | Effects that appear in seconds, minutes, hours, days, or weeks following irridiation.
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| Examples of short term effects | Epilation, nausea, vomiting, erythema, fatigue.
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| Somatic Effects | Effects on the body including local (erythema) and general (long bone irridation=hematopoietic)
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| Long Term Effects | Effects that appear months or years after irradiation
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| Examples of Long term effects | Cancer, cataracts, life span shortening, genetic effects
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| Genetic Effects | Effects that are long term and affect the offspring of the organism irradiated.
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| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | Mitotic activity, maturity, and degree of specificity
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| Which ARS stage happens within hours of exposure? | Prodomal/ (initial)
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| Which ARS stage happens when symptoms disappear? | Latent
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| Which ARS stage happens when an Organism can live or die? | Recovery/Death
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| Linear Dose-Response | Response is proportional to dose
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| Nonlinear Dose-Response | Response is not proportional to dose
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| Threshold Dose Response | A dose must be received before a response can occur
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| Nonthreshold Dos Response | No safe dose- Even one photon can cause a response
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| Examples of acute radiation syndromes | Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, Central Nervous System
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| What are the two types of AEC's? | ionization chamber type and phototimer type
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| Occupancy factor | Refers to the amount of time the space beyond the barrier is occupied
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| Workload | Expressed in units of millampere seconds per week or milliampere minutes per week
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| Use factor | The percentage of time the primary beam is directed at a particular barrier
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| SI unit Air Kerma is what traditional unit? | Roentgen
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| SI unit for absorbed dose and Gray is what traditional unit? | rad
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| SI unit for effective dose and Sievert if what traditional unit? | rem
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| What is the newest and most accurate personal dosimeter? | OSL dosimeter
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| What are low-cost and convenient radiation monitors that processed monthly? | Film badges
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| What are more expensive and but more precise that film badges? | TLDs
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