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Radiation Safety
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of public exposure to ionizing radiation is from medical sources? | 50% |
| Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested...? | during the life of the exposed individual |
| Increase field size, while leaving technical factors unchanged will...? | increase the DAP |
| Diagnostic x-radiation are correctly described as...? | low energy, low LET |
| What are sources of secondary radiation? | leakage radiation and scattered radiation |
| Late-radiation-induced somatic effects include? | thyroid cancers, cataractogenesis, and genetic mutations |
| What effect does the quantity of ionizing radiation when delivered to a body over a long period of time? | will be less than if it were delivered all at one time |
| What is the most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract? | small bowel |
| What is the annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals valid for? | beta, x-, and gamma radiations |
| Patient dose during fluroscopy is affected by the..? | Distance between the patient and the input phosphor, amount of magnification, and tissue density |
| According to NRCP, the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit to the thyroid, skin, and extremities is..? | 500 msv |
| Aluminum filtration has its greatest effect on... | low energy x-ray photons |
| Early symptoms of acute radiation syndrome are...? | leukopenia, nausea, and vomiting |
| Who is protected by the bucky slot cover? | patient, fluroscopist, and technoligst |
| Most effective type of shield for anterior and lateral male gonadel protection during fluroscopy? | shaped contact (contour) |
| The SSD in mobile Fluroscopy must be..? | a minimum of 30 cm |
| What would result in the greatest skin dose? | Short SID |
| In the production of Breamsstahlung radiation...? | the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss |
| What are filters used in radiographic x-ray tubes generally composed of? | aluminum |
| What is the purpose of filters in a film badge? | to measure radiation quality |
| Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result..? | cleaved chromosome, cross-linking, and mutation |
| LET | how much energy is deposited per unit length of track |
| OER | Enhancement of effect of radiation due to the presence of oxygen. Expressed as the ratio of radiation dose required to produce a given effect with no oxygen present to the dose required to produce the same effect in 1 atmosphere of air |
| RBE | Take into account tissue weighting factors in determining effect of ionizing radiation |
| NRCP | National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurments-- issues reports of guidelines needed to be followed |
| NRC | Nuclear Regulatory Commission- regulates nuclear power plants and other uses for nuclear materials |
| Target Theory | used to explain why some cells die vs. survive |
| Radiolysis | Radiation interaction with water |
| Fractionation | Equal doses of radiation delivered with time interval seperation |
| Protraction | Radiation dose delivered continuously but at a lower dose rate |
| Ten day Rule | Practice allowing of women of childbearing age to only be irriadiated for certain imaging exams in the 10 days following onset of menses, ACR dismissed. |
| Short term effects | Effects that appear in seconds, minutes, hours, days, or weeks following irridiation. |
| Examples of short term effects | Epilation, nausea, vomiting, erythema, fatigue. |
| Somatic Effects | Effects on the body including local (erythema) and general (long bone irridation=hematopoietic) |
| Long Term Effects | Effects that appear months or years after irradiation |
| Examples of Long term effects | Cancer, cataracts, life span shortening, genetic effects |
| Genetic Effects | Effects that are long term and affect the offspring of the organism irradiated. |
| Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau | Mitotic activity, maturity, and degree of specificity |
| Which ARS stage happens within hours of exposure? | Prodomal/ (initial) |
| Which ARS stage happens when symptoms disappear? | Latent |
| Which ARS stage happens when an Organism can live or die? | Recovery/Death |
| Linear Dose-Response | Response is proportional to dose |
| Nonlinear Dose-Response | Response is not proportional to dose |
| Threshold Dose Response | A dose must be received before a response can occur |
| Nonthreshold Dos Response | No safe dose- Even one photon can cause a response |
| Examples of acute radiation syndromes | Hematopoietic, Gastrointestinal, Central Nervous System |
| What are the two types of AEC's? | ionization chamber type and phototimer type |
| Occupancy factor | Refers to the amount of time the space beyond the barrier is occupied |
| Workload | Expressed in units of millampere seconds per week or milliampere minutes per week |
| Use factor | The percentage of time the primary beam is directed at a particular barrier |
| SI unit Air Kerma is what traditional unit? | Roentgen |
| SI unit for absorbed dose and Gray is what traditional unit? | rad |
| SI unit for effective dose and Sievert if what traditional unit? | rem |
| What is the newest and most accurate personal dosimeter? | OSL dosimeter |
| What are low-cost and convenient radiation monitors that processed monthly? | Film badges |
| What are more expensive and but more precise that film badges? | TLDs |
Created by:
Ekborchard93
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