Cranial Nerves
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| In what type of CN will the cell bodies be found in GANGLIA OUTSIDE of the brainstem? | Sensory
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| In what type of CN will the cell bodies be located in NUCLEI INSIDE of the brainstem? | Motor
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| Autonomic CN have ____ ganglionics & ____ganglionics. | pre, post
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| Autonomic ____ganglionics are in nuclei ______ brainstem. | Pre, within
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| Autonomic postganglionics in ______ ganglia are associated with cranial nerves. | sensory
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| What CN? Smell | I Olfactory
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| What CN? Vision | II Optic
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| What CN Moves eyes up, ______, medially; constricts _______? | III Oculomotor, down, pupil
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| What CN Moves eye ______ and down? | IV Trochlear, medially
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| What CN function is _____ sensation, chewing? | V Trigeminal, facial
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| What CN abducts eye? | VI Abducens
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| What CN function is _____ expression, closes eye, tears, salivation and _____? | VII Facial, facial, taste
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| What CN function is sensation of _____ position relative to gravity and head movement and _______? | VIII Vestibulocochlear
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| What CN function is _____, salivation and taste? | IX Glossopharyngeal, swallowing
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| What CN regulates viscera, swallowing, _____ and taste? | X Vagus, speech
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| What CN elevates shoulders and turns the ____? | XI Accessory, head
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| What CN moves the tongue? | XII Hypoglossal
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| These are found on bipolar sensory neurons in olfactory neuroepithelium of upper nasal cavities. | Chemoreceptors
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| T/F The axons of the chemoreceptors form the olfactory nerve. | True
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| Tufted and mitral cells make up this structure in CN I, Olfactory. | Olfactory Bulb
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| _____ of tufted and mitral cells make up the ______ tract. | Axons, Olfactory
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| Where is the 'primary olfactory cortex' located? | Piriform cortex in the medial temporal lobe
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| These collect light and relay signal to _____ ganglion cells in inner layer of retina. | Photoreceptors
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| The axons of retinal ganglion cells that exit the eye make up this: | optic nerve
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| Where do the axons originating in the nasal retinas cross from one side to the other? | Optic chiasm
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| The optic nerves from both eyes combine to form the _____ | optic chiasm
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| Only these axons decussate at the optic chiasm. | nasal retinas
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| Axons of _____ projections form the optic ____. | retinofugal, tracts
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| The optic tracts project to the ______ geniculate nucleus of thalamus. | lateral
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| The neurons in the ____ give rise to axons that project to the ____ visual cortex. | LGN, primary
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| Reflexive responses of pupil Awareness of light and dark Orienting the head and eyes | Projects to brainstem nuclei
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| CN III, innervates _____ palpebrae superioris muscle, which lifts the ____. | levator, eyelid
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| CN ____, innervates the superior _____, which moves the pupil ___. | III Oculomotor, rectus, up
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| CN III, Oculomotor, innervates this eye muscle that moves the pupil ______. | Medial rectus muscle, medial
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| CN III, Oculmotor, innervates this muscle that moves the pupil ____. | Inferior rectus, down
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| CN III innervates the ____ rectus, which moves the pupil ____, if eye adducted; ____ eye, if eye abducted. | inferior, up, rotates
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| What muscle constricts pupil? Innervated by CN? | pupillary sphincter, III oculomotor
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| CN III, innervates the _____ muscle, which ____ curvature of lens of eye. | ciliary, increases
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| If eye is _____, pupil down and in, if eye _____, rotates eye. What muscle and what CN innervates it? | adducted, abducted, superior oblique, IV trochlear
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| CN VI Abducens, innervates this eye muscle that moves the pupil _____. | lateral rectus, lateral
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| The pupillary reflex controls the ____ of the pupil in response to ____. | diameter, light
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| crossed reflex in which light directed at one eye causes the opposite pupil to contract | consensual reflex
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| The process by which the increases optical power to maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as it draws near the eye | accommodation
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| Pupillary constriction Accommodation Convergence of eyes | Accommodation reflex
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| Abnormalities of ____ and eye movements are often a warning sign of pathology of ____ or cranial nerves. | pupils, brainstem
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| Blurring | strabismus
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| double vision | diplopia
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| When ____ muscles are not working correctly, strabismus or ____ develops. | extraocular, diplopia
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| Symptoms of Oculomotor nerve lesion: Lateral strabismus Pupil dilated & unresponsive to ____ Ptosis | CN III Palsy, light
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| Symptoms of Oculomotor nerve lesion: CN IV Palsy _____ eye cannot be depressed Vertical ______ | Adducted, strabismus
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| Symptoms of Oculomotor nerve lesion: CN __ Palsy _____ strabismus | VI, medial
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| Oculmotor Nerve Lesions: Common Causes for what CN? Diabetic neuropathy Head trauma (shearing force) Intracranial aneurysms | III
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| Oculmotor Nerve Lesions: Common Causes for what CN? Most commonly injured CN with head trauma, tumors and aneurysms | IV
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| Oculmotor Nerve Lesions: Common Causes for what CN? Head trauma, tumors, aneurysms | VI
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| T/F The trigeminal nerve is sensory alone. | False, sensory and motor
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| Sensory portion trigeminal nerve innervates: face temporomandibular joint ____ of eye oral ______ | cornea, cavity
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| The motor portion of the trigeminal nerve innervates what muscles? | mastication
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| What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal cranial nerve? | Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
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| Opthalmic branch of CN V is sensory, motor, both? | sensory
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| Maxillary branch of CN V is sensory, motor, both? | sensory
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| Mandibular branch of CN V is sensory, motor, both? | sensory and motor
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| Trigeminal - Proprioception Sensory afferents of muscles of ____ and extraocular muscles -> ____ nucleus(midbrain) -> reticular formation -> unknown | mastication, mesencephalic
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| Collaterals of ____ fibers to trigeminal ___ nucleus (relex connections) and ____ (motor coordination) | proprioceptive, motor, cerebellum
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| Trigeminal: Pain & Temp Trigeminal ____ -> descend in ____ and medulla as spinal tract of trigeminal nerve -> spinal trigeminal ___ -> trigeminothalamic tract ->___ thalamus -> ____ cortex | ganglion, pons, nucleus, VPM, somatosensory
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| Ipsilateral loss of sensation to head, face and oral cavity | Lesion to trigeminal nerve - sensory
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| Dysfunction of trigeminal nerve that produces severe sharp, stabbing pain in distribution of one or more branches of trigeminal nerve. | Trigeminal Neuralgia (tic douloureux)
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| Weakness in chewing, jaw deviates to affected side | Lesion of trigeminal nerve - motor
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| Facial CN - (Sensory) Touch, pain and pressure of what structures? | tongue, pharynx, external auditory meatus
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| Facial CN - Chemosensation anterior ___ tongue (sweet, salty, sour) | 2/3
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| Facial CN motor is parsympathetic or sympathetic? | parasympathetic
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| Facial CN motor portion innvervates | lacrimal glands and tear ducts salivary glands nasal and palantine glands
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| Facial CN: Motor (parasymp) Superior _____ nucleus (medulla) -> parasympathetic ganglia | salivatory
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| Facial CN: Motor (Somatic) Muscles that close ____, move lips and produce ____ expressions ______ muscle | eyes, facial, stapedius
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| The ___ portion of facial nucleus consists of LMN's that receive ___ input from corticobulbar fibers. | dorsal, bilateral
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| ____ portion of facial nucleus innervated by fibers from ___ cerebral cortex (UMN's) | ventral, contralateral
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| Ability to wrinkle ____ is used to distinguish UMN from LMN injury | forehead
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| Muscles of forehead will be spared even while lower facial regions are not i.e. cerebral vascular accident | UMN lesion of CN VII
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| Injury to facial nerve, peripheral branches or facial nucleus | LMN lesion of CN VII
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| Symptoms: Little or no facial expression Mouth on affected side may droop Speech may be affected Cannot close affected eye and blink reflex is lost External blow to face, viral infection, overexposure to cold weather | Bell's Palsy
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| Information related to head position and head movements | Vestibular Branch, CN VIII
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| Information related to hearing | Cochlear Branch, CN VIII
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| Structure in inner ear that houses sensory receptors related to cranial nerve VIII | labyrinth
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| Two structures within labyrinth | vestibular apparatus, cochlea
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| *Snail shell-shaped organ formed by spiraling, fluid-filled tube *Organ of Corti | Cochlea
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| Organ of ___ contains ___ receptors called hair cells which are attached to the ____ membrane. | Corti, auditory, basilar
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| Projections from hair cells embedded in ___ membrane, move when fluid in ____ duct moves in response to ___ waves. | tectorial, cochlear, sound
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| Hair cells closely associated with ___ fibers that make up the cochlear branch of CN VIII | afferent
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| The ___ is the region of the inner ear where ___ waves are converted first into fluid waves, then into ___ signals, and finally into AP's. | cochlea, sound, chemical
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| The ___ vibrates against the ____ window, transferring sound into the _____. | stapes, oval, cochlea
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| Hair cells in the ____ of ____ convert fluid wave energy into ____ release. | organ, corti, neurotransmitter
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| REsidual energy from the sound waves returns to the ___ ear at the membrane known as the ___ window. | middle, round
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| Sound waves strike ___ membrane -> Ossicles move, vibration of membrane -> ___ of fluid in upper chamber -> vibration of ___ membrane and attached hair cells -> hairs embedded in __ membrane bend, depolarizing -> cochlear nerve ending __ | tympanic, movement, basilar, tectorial, activated
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| Organ of __ -> cochlear nuclei -> ___ formation -> activates entire nervous system | corti, reticular formation
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| organ of corti ->___ nuclei -> inferior colliculus ->superior colliculus -> orienting ___ and head toward sound | cochlear, eyes
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| organ of corti -> cochlear nuclei -> __ geniculate body (receives info from inferior colliculus as well) ->primary ___ cortex -> conscious hearing | medial, auditory
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| Deafness | lesion of vestibulocochlear nerve
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| Transmission of vibrations is prevented in outer or middle ear | conductive deafness
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| Damage to receptor cells, cochlear nerve or brain | sensorineural deafness
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| Soft palate and pharynx, external auditory meatus | sensory (pain) of CN IX, glossopharyngeal
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| CN IX: chemosensation from ___ tongue (bitter) | posterior
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| CN IX innervates this muscle that elevates the larynx and pharynx, aids in swallowing | stylopharyngeus
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| The ___ salivary gland is the parasympathetic motor component of CN IX, glossopharyngeal. | parotid
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| Sensory afferent in pharynx (CN IX) → spinal nucleus (dorsal medulla) → interneurons → nucleus ambiguus (lateral medulla) → CN X → pharynx muscles | gag reflex (CN IX)
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| Symptoms: Loss of taste posterior 1/3 or tongue Loss of sensation posterior tongue and palate Loss of gag reflex Decreased salivation (bc of parasymp innerv of parotid gland?) | Lesions of glossopharyngeal nerve
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| *Visceral afferents *taste from palate and epiglottis *Somesthetic impulses from back of ear | Sensory of CN X
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| Vagus nerve innervates what structures used for swallowing and speaking? | larynx, pharynx and upper esophagus
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| The vagus nerve has parasympathetic functions with what organs/systems of the body? | heart, pulmonary system, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract
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| Transient tachycardia Dypsnea- difficulty breathing Poor digestion (decreased peristalis, digestive enzymes) | Lesions of Vagus nerve - visceral branch
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| Dysphonia Dysphagia Dysarthria | lesions of vagus nerve - skeletal muscle branch
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| hoarse voice | dysphonia
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| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia
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| difficulty articulating words clearly, slurring | dysarthria
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| innervates traps and SCM | accessory
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| Arises from spinal accessory nucleus in upper cervical cord | CN XI - Motor
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| Ipsilateral weakness of shoulder shrug and turning head away from lesion | lesions of accessory nerve
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| nuclei of CN XII, Hypoglossal are located here | medulla
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| CN XII innervates the intrinsic and ___ muscles of ipsilateral ____ | extrinsic, tongue
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| Ipsilateral deviation of tongue on side of lesion; lick ur lesion | lesion of hypoglossal nerve
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