Cognition, Language, and intelligence
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| What is Intelligence | Cognitive abilities of an individual to understand complex concepts, learn from experience, to reason well and cope effectively w/demands of daily living.
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| What are Gardner's 8 independent types of intelligence? | Linguistic (Verbal)
Logical (mathematical)
Music
Spatial (artistic)
Kinesthetic (athletic)
Interpersonal (social skills)
IntrApersonal (personal adjustment)
Naturalistic (understanding nature)
LLMSKIIN
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| Who used the term G to refer to the general factor of intelligence? | Charles Spearman
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| What are Robert Sternberg's 6 steps in reasoning? | -RACEMI-
Encode
Infer
Map
Apply
Compare
Respond
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| What is Fluid Intelligence? | The ability to process information quickly & devise strategies for dealing with new kinds of problems
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| What is Crystallized Intelligence? | Ability to use previously learned information and skills to solve familiar problems.
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| What are the five criteria that an intelligence test must meet before it is an adequate measuring instrument? | "SNOR-v"
Standardization
Norms
Objectivity
Reliability
Validity
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| What is Tacit Intelligence? | Practical knowledge & skills needed to deal w/everyday problems that are not usually taught in school.
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| What is Ratio IQ? | The intelligence quotient based on the ratio between the person's mental age and chronological age.
mental age divided by chronological age x 100
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| What is Deviation IQ | Intelligence quotient based on the degree of devotion from average of the person's score on an intelligence test.
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| What is Normal Distribution? | Symmetrical pattern of scores on a scale in which a majority of the scores are clustered near the center and a minority are at either extreme.
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| What is Cognition? | The intellectual processes through which info is obtained, transformed, stored, retrieved and otherwise used.
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| What is Concepts? | The basic units of thinking.
Categories of things, events, and qualities that are linked together by common feature or features in spite of their differences.
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| What is Conjunctive concepts? | concept has two simultaneous defining characteristics.
i.e. Aunt - female & sibling of one of your parents
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| What is Superordinate concept? | concepts that are very inclusive. They contain a great many members
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| What is Disjunctive concepts? | Concepts defined by the presence of one of two common characteristics or both.
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| What are Basic Concepts? | Concepts that are of a medium degree of inclusiveness.
Share Many Attributes
Share Similar Shapes
Share Motor Movements
Easily Named
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| What is Subordinate concepts | Concepts that are least inclusive.
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| What is Problem Solving? | Cognitive process information is used to reach a goal that is blocked by some obstacle.
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| What are the 3 steps in cognitive problem solving? | Formulate the problem
Evaluate the elements of the problem
Generate a list of Solutions & Evaluate them.
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| What is mental set? | A habitual way of approaching or perceiving a problem.
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| What is an algorithm? | Systematic patterns of reasoning that guarantee finding a correct solution to a problem
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| What is Heuristic Reasoning? | Way of thinking based on strategies that increase the probability of finding a correct solution but do not guarantee it.
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| What does heuristic reason often lead to? | Poor Solutions
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| What is Representativeness heuristic? | strategy of making judgments about the unknown on the assumption that it is similar to what we know.
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| What is Convergent thinking? | Logical & Conventional and that focuses on a problem.
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| What is Divergent thinking? | Loosely organized, only partially directed and unconventional.
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| Divergent Thinkers | easily break out of mental sets that limit our thinking. In our culture, people who tend to be through of a creative.
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| What are the creative problem solving steps? | Preparation
Incubation
Illumination
Verification
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| Preparation | initial attempts to formulate the problem. recall relevant facts & think about possible solutions
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| Incubation | a period of rest. setting the problem aside after initial preparation period
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| Illumination | a sudden insight pertaining to the solution
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| Verification | necessary but sometime anticlimactic step of testing the solution
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| What is surface structure? | superficial spoken or written structure of a statement.
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| What is deep structure? | underlying structure that holds the statement's meaning
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| Who made the distinction for surface & deep structure? | Noam Chomsky
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| What is generative? | ability to create an infinite set of utterances using a finite set of elements & rules. Language is it
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| What are Phonemes? | the smallest units of sound in a language.
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| What are Morphemes? | the smallest units of meaning in a language.
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| What is a Syntax? | grammatical rules of language.
rules of a language that allow an infinite number of understandable utterances to be generated.
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| What is the Whorfian hypothesis? | the idea that the structure of a language may influence the way individuals think
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| What is linguistic relativity hypothesis? | AKA - Whorfian hypothesis
idea that the structure of a language may influence the way people think
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| What is semantic content? | meaning in symbols, such as language
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| What does greater interconnectedness of neurons mean? | That the brain can process information more quickly.
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| What does greater ability to form neural connections mean? | That a person with High G is better able to learn from experience
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| What is Encode? | mentally represent in the memory system in some usable form
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| What is Infer? | The nature of the relationships between the terms in the problem.
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| What is intelligence quotient? (IQ) | Numerical value of intelligence derived from the results of an intelligence test.
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