Python Concepts
Help!
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| Type Function | It returns what data type is in use
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| Assignment | The process of storing a value in variable
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| Expression | A combination of numbers,symbols or other variables that produce a result when evaluated.
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| variable name | Must start with letter doesn't use special character
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| Implicit Conversion | The interpreter automatically converts one data type in to another
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| None | Special data type in python, used to indicate that things are empty or they returned nothing
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| Function Advantages | They help to resue code againa and again in a script
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| Refactoring | Writing readable and under stable clean code
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| Object Oriented Programming | Object oriented programming is a paradigm , where real world concepts are defined and represented by Classes e.g. Fruits is class and then apple and orange instance of class.An idea is defind can be defined using class
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| Attributes of class | Attributes are characteristics associated to a type, e.g summer,winter or dry fruit
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| Methods of class | Functions associated with type, jesa k hum class fruit me aik function bnayen jis ka kam ho optimum temperature find krna fruit k liye
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| Special methods in class | Special methods are represnted by __(name)__ and python internally call them to use, e.g len function uses special method of __len__
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| dir() function | print all the attributes and methods of an object
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| type() function | Ye btata hai k value ki class kiya hai.
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| type(" ") | Ye batye ga k ye string class hai
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| upper() method | Ye method kisi bhi string value ko capital letters me convert kr deta hai.
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| isnumeric() | Ye method humen sirf binary me answer return krta hai ,, check krny k bad k string numbers hai ya nhi
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| help() | Is function ki madad se hum tamam tafseelat maloom kr sakty hain kisi bhi class ki
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| instance of class | name = class ()
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| Defining a class | class :
color = ""
flavour=""
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| setting a attribute of class | instancename.attribute = "value"
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| Dot Notaion | Dot notation is waja se hum class k kisi bhi method ya attribute tak ponch sakty hain aur uski value set kr sakty and retrieve bhi kr sakty
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| methods in class | Kisi bhi object se koi action , jesa k aik instance organe hai aur us se hum ny orange juice bnana hai to hum method use kren gy
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| method in class syntax | def func_name (self)
.....................
return self
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| how to use attribute inside method | Attribute ko agr method k andar istimal krna hai to self.attribute likhna hoga
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| instance variable | instance variable wo hoty hain jinki value mukhtalif hoti hai different instance k liye
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| constructor method | In constructor method we define attributes inside method function , so that we dont forget what are the attirbutes of a class, we can create the instance and attribute write away
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| Syntax of constructor method | def __init__(self,color,flavor ):
self. color = color
self.flavor = flavour
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| instance using constructor method | jonnagold = Apple ("red", "Sweet")
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| when str method in class is useful | str method is useful, when you have need to print instance.
def __str__(Self)
retur "This apple is sweet "
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| Doc string | Doc string is brief text which explain what something does
"""" write what you want to explain
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| STDIN | I/O stream for input
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| STDOUT | I/O stream for output
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| STDERR | STDERR displays output specifically for error messages.
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| I/O Streams | Ways to give programme and recive informnation from programme
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| SHell | Command line interface used to interact with operating system
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| echo | It is used to print text in linux shell
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| Environment Variables | Variables used inside the sheel environment are called environment variables
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| Command Line Arguments | These are parameters that are passed to a program when it started
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| Where Command line arguments stored | The list of arguments are stored in sys module
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| Exit status | The value returned by a program to the shell
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| wc command linux | It prints value of lines,word and characters for our pyhton script
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| Finish successfully code | echo $?
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| Unicode standard used to convert an array of bytes into a string | UTF-8
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| copy | Awesome! Calling this method of the os.environ dictionary will copy the current environment variables to store and prepare a new environment.
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| Log Files |
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| None | In python variable with no value is none and its not the samething like 0 , its just that it has no value
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| Objects in Python | Objects are way of organizing code in python and break things down to make it easier to think about complex ideas
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| Why use classes and objects |
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| Edge Cases | Inputs to our code that produce unexpected results and are found at the extreme ends of ranges of input we imagine our programms will typically work with
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| Casting | Using casting we can change types by using key words , int,str,float but you cant reverse cast values . However it can be done when written inside quotes
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| immutable type | String is immutable type,you cannot change string content after creation
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| String Concatenation | Plus operator concatenates two strings
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| Extend List | existing list.extend(newlist or element ) will extend the existing list
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| Sort List | .sort() only works on integers or strings seperately but cannot sort them when the list contains combination of numbers and strings
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| Tuples | A tuple is similar to list but you create them with paranthesis instead of square brackets. A tuple is immutable while the list is mutable
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| Dictionaries | Dictionaries are usefull when we have to give structure to data , like name, favorite sports and place of living.These types are keys and can be used to change values
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| Show Keys of Dictionaires | Mydict.keys() will show all the keys in the dictionary
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| Difference between compiler and interpreter | Compilers take the entire source code and produce object code/executable code while the interpreter execute the code line by line.
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| iteration on file object | We can iterate over file object using open but cannot strip it for that we have to use strip.lines() which gives a list in return
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