Microbio -7- mycology and fungal pathogens
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| study devoted to study of fungi | mycology
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| major decomposers of carbon compounds on earth found widespread in nature | fungi
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| How can fungi morphologically present | unicellular as small as a bacteria or multicellular complex organisms as muschrooms
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| Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes | eukarytoes
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| Are fungi unicellular or multicellular | both
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| What is the cytoplasm surrounded by in fungi and how is this different then mammalian cells | cytoplasm is bound by a cytoplasmic membrane which has actin and contain ergosterol instead of cholesterol as mammalian cells
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| Why is the fact that fungi have ergesterol in place of cholesterol important to medicine | we can target ergesterol with medications to fight fungal infections
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| do fungi have organelles | yes all the same organelles as mammals
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| what is the fungal cell wall made of | made of polysacharrides such as mannan, glucans, and chitins
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| composed of long unbranched chains of poly-n-acetylglucosamine inert insoluble and rigid provides structural support for the fungi cell wall | Chitins
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| Glucosyl polymers may form fibril to increase the strength of the fungal cell wall | Glucans
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| form complex with protien and is present on the surface and structural cell matrix of the fungal cell wall determinants of serologic specificities | mannan
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| what are the strucutres in the fungal cell wall that are most responsible for causing immunological responses to most of the medically important fungi | Mannans and galactomannans
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| What is the metabolism of fungi | heterotrophic- which means then need exogenous carbon and nitrogen they don't have photosynthetic mechanisms
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| are there any anaerobic fungi | none there are aerobes and some faculative anaerobes
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| How do fungi metabolize larger or tougher structure to break down | they use an exoenzyme to solublizes the structures these enzymes often function as a virulence factor
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| what is clinically important of the exoenzymes fungi use for metabolism | it can function as a virulence factor
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| What are the three divisions of fungi based on the temperature at which they grow | psychrophile 0-20c
mesophile 30-40c
thermophilic 40-50c
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| what is the PH range for fungi | 2.2-8.5 clinically important grow at 6.5-7.0
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| What is a critical environmental condition for most fungi for the to grow appropriatly | water availability most require 80-90% humidity
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| are most fungi photosensitive | yes
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| What are the different morphologies for fungi | yeast, mold(hypha or mycellium) or dimorphic can be both
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| What is dimorphism | ability of a fungus to grow as a mold or yeast (yeast like form)
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| At what temperature does dimorphic fungi grow as a mold and what temperature as a yeast | mold at ambient room temp
yeast at 37c (body temp)
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| what are the 5 medically important dimorphic fungi | blastomyces dermatitidis
coccidioides immitis
histoplasma capsulatum
paracoccidioidis brasiliensis
sporothrix schenckii
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| What disease can bastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum and paracoccidioidis barsiliensis cause | pneumonia
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| What disease can coccidioides immitis cause | respiratory pathogen
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| what disease can sporothrix schenckii cause | rose gardeners disease sub q fungal infection
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| What two ways can fungi reproduce | asexual- via budding, or seperation of hyphal elements
Sexual- two cells fuse to form diploid nucleus which goes through meiosis to form spores
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| part of the fungi below the surface is called | vegetative hypha- acquire nutrients for the fungus
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| part of the fungi above the surface is called | aerial hypha involved in reproduction via spores or conidia
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| what are the three types of spores formed in sexual reproduction of fungi | zygospores, ascospores and basidiospores
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| what is different between ascospores and basidiospores | ascospores are borne internally in a sac, basidiospores borne externally on a club sheath structure
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| what is unique about yeast forms of fungi | they can split like bacteria through fission or can undergo budding
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| What are the 4 phylum of fungi | zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, deuteromycota
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| sexual reproduction through zygospores asexual reproduction through sporangiospores | zygomycota
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| sexual reproduction through ascospores within sacs or asci asexual reproduction through blastoconidia or conidia on conidiophores | ascomycota
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| sexual reproduction through basidiospores on the surface of basidium asexual repro through conidiogenesis | basidiomycota
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| no sexual stage, asexual repro through conidiogenesis | deuteromycota
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| Classification of fungi that involves outer layer of skin, nail or hair rarely invade deeper tissues or viscera | superficial fungi
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| fungi confined to sub q tissues rarely spread systematically usually form deep ulcerated skin lesions or fungating masses | subcutaneous fungi
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| class of fungi that may involve deep viscera and become widely disseminated in the body | Systemic (deep) fungi
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| class of fungi that have low inherent virulence and are common in all environments and only take root when a chance presents itself | opportunistic mycoses
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| systemic mycosis that can infect the brain | aspergillus fumigatus
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| Systemic mycosis that can infect lungs especially in immunocompromised patients | pneumocystis carinii
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| What are some factors that can predispose an individual to fungal infections | steroid hormone therapy
prolonged antibiotic treatment
long term treatment stomach with h2 blockers
diabetes mellitus
high starch or sugar diets
compromised immune system
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| what part of the immune system kills most fungi but what fungi can avoid it | innate immune response with neutrophils kills most fungi; dimorphic fungi are resistant to phagocytosis
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| part of the immune system that produces antibodies to opsonize the fungi promoting phagocytosis | humoral immune response of adaptive immune system
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| Part of immune system where T-cells protect the body from fungal infections | Cell mediated immune response of adaptive immune system
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| how can you diagnose fungal infections | KOH prep
cultures
serology
DNA probe- limited effectiveness
identify by characteristics mold or yeast
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| What are the three areas that drug treatments target for antifungal therapy | target plasma membrane synthesis and production, target cell division, targer nucleic acid synthesis
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| what drugs target plasma membrane synthesis/ function of fungi | polyenes, azoles and allyamines
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| drug that targets cell division of fungi | griseofulvin
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| drug that targets nucleic acid synthesis of fungi | flucytosine
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| how do allyamines stop plasma membrane synthesis/function | inhibit cyochrome enzyme p450 demethylase that converts lanosterol to ergosterol that is a major part of cell membrane
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| how does griseofulvin stop fungi cell division | only effective against fungi in keratininc skin layers it disrupts microtubules and stops cell divisions
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| how does flucytosine stop fungi nucleic acid synthesis | it inhibits thymidylate synthatase
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