Environmental Scien
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| Science | Systematic Process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it. **
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| Ecological Footprint | Area of biologically productive land and water to provide resources adn dispose/recycle waste.
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| Interdisciplinary Scientific Process | Hypothesis; Dependent and Independent Variables, Experimental Control, Accuracy & Precision,Reproductability.
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| Overshoot | Population Demand's on a ecosystem exceeds the capacity of that ecosystem to regenarate resources.
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| Ecosytem Services | Purify air, and water, cycle, nutrients, regulate climate, pollinate and recycle water.
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| Negative Feedback Loops | Stabilizes a system, example if we get hot, we sweat, the sweat stabilizes our system's temperature.
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| Positive | Drives a system towards the extreme.
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| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | process by which oxygen-breathing creatures turn fuel, such as fats and sugars, into energy.
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| Matter | all material in the universe that has mass and occupies space.
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| Law of conservation of matter | Matter can be transformed into from one type of substance to others but it cant be created nor destroyed.
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| Energy and Matter transfers. | In ecosystems, matter and energy are transferred from one form to another. Nutrients and living matter are passed from producers to consumers, then broken down by decomposers.
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| Types of Energy | Potential Energy which is energy of position, Kinetic energy which is from motion, Chemical Energy which is held between atoms.
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| First Law of Thermodynamics | that heat is a form of energy, and thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation of energy. This means that heat energy cannot be created or destroyed
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics | the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
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| Fossil Record | accumulation of fossils
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| Faunal Sucession | observation that assemblages of fossil plants and animals follow or succeed each other in time in a predictable manner.
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| Photosynthesis and Celullar Respiration. | Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis.
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| Cost- Benefit Analysis | analytical way for society to make decisions about complicated issues such the environment. Like most personal decisions, it involves a comparison of the costs of an action compared with considerations of the benefits of that action.
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| Tragedy of Commons | Publicly accessible resources become overused and
degraded when unregulated
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| Exponential growth | Increased by a fixed percent.
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| Carrying Capacity | The maxium population size of a species that a specific environment can sustain.
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| Causes of Extinction | Climate Change, changing sea levels, severe weather, new species, small populations
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| Biomes | a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
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| Natural Selection | process in which an organism adapts to its environment by means of selectively reproducing changes in its genotype.
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| Dog Breeds | best modern example of evolution
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| How does natural selection influence evolution | Natural selection leads to evolutionary change when individuals with certain characteristics have a greater survival or reproductive rate than other individuals in a population and pass on these inheritable genetic characteristics to their offspring.
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| Keystone species | Some organisms play critical roles in
communities
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| Trophic Level | • Less and less energy is
available in each successive
trophic level
• Each trophic level contains only
10% of the energy of the trophic
level below it
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| • Cap-and-trade emissions trading system | The government sets pollution levels (“caps”)
• Permits let polluters emit some amount of pollution
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| Science shaping Policy | PSA gained saving forests.
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| Factors affecting Birth and Growth Rates | Fertility Rate
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| Demographic Transition | Pre-industrial stage: low population growth
• High death (disease, starvation, few medicines) and
birth (compensation for mortality) rates
• Transitional stage: high population growth
• Industrializatio reduce mortality rates but birth rates are still
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| Lineal Growth | changing at a constant rate as changes.
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| What affects fertility Rate | • Medical care reduces infant mortality
• Urbanization increases childcare costs
• Children go to school instead of working
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| Continent with he biggest rate of infant mortality rates | Africa
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| Soil | • A complex system consisting of
disintegrated rock, organic matter,
water, gases, nutrients,
microorganisms
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| Monoculture | is the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock
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| Recombinant DNA | Combined DNA segments
from multiple organisms
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| Genetic Engineering | Laboratory manipulation of
genetic material by adding,
deleting, or modifying DNA
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| Green Revolution | boosted production – and
exported industrial agriculture
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| Methods of Conserving Soils and Water in Agriculture | • Don’t plant crops that require large amounts of water
in arid climates-• Crop rotation• Contour farming-Terracing• Intercropping• windbreakers
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| How can over-irrigating farmland degrade the soil? | Salt buildup occurs through the process of capillary rise when the water table rises close to the surface. Salinity risks also increases when saline water is used for irrigation and when poor fertilizer and poor irrigation management are combined.
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| Why is erosion of farmland soils a global problem? | It has led to increased pollution and sedimentation in streams and rivers, clogging these waterways and causing declines in fish and other species.
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| How does urbanization affect the water cycle? |
Decreases
Infiltration &
Groundwater
Recharge
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| What are some major ways society can reduce water use? | We can either increase supply or reduce demand
• Dams have increased supplies, • Desalination (desalinization)
Agricultural demand can be reduced
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| Groundwater | Water beneath the surface held in pores in soil or rock
• 20% of the Earth’s supply of fresh water
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| Point Sources of Pollution | pipe or a drain.
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| Non Point Source | not easily attributed to a single source. generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or hydrologic modification.
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| Groundwater Use & Recharge | because ground water moves slowly through the unsaturated zone and the aquifer.
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| Exponential Growth | one that changes at a rate that's always proportional to the value of the function
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