Introduction to Hazardous Materials
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| Acute exposure | Single occurance
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| Chronic exposure | Long-term, reoccuring
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| Accute health effects | Short term effects that appear within hours or days such as vomiting or diarrhea.
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| Chronic health effects | Long-term effects that may take years to appear, such as cancer.
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| The 3 states of matter | Gas, liquid, and solid
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| Flash Point | The minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface. The vapors will flash but not continue to burn.
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| Fire Point | The temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuos burning.
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| Autoignition Temperature | The minimum temperature to which the fuel in air must be heated to initiate self-sustained combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source.
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| Ignition Temperature | The minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion, independent of the heating or heated element.
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| Flammamble, Explosive, or Combustible Range | The percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in air that will burn or explode if ignited.
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| Vapor Pressure | The pressure produced or exerted by the vapors released by the liquid.
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| Boiling Point | The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
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| Sublime | Change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state in between
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| Vapor Density | The weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
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| Solubility in Water | The percentage of material that will dissolve in water at an ambient temperature
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| Miscible | Two liquids that dissolve into each other in any proportion
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| Immiscible | Two materials that do not readily dissolve into each other.
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| Specific Gravity | The ratio of the density (heaviness) of a material to the density of some standard material at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.
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| Reactivity | Its relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with another material
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| Strong Oxidizers | Materials that encourage a strong reaction (by readily accepting electrons) from reducing agents (fuel).
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| Polymerization | A chemical reaction in which a catalyst causes simple molecules to combine to form long chain molecules
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| Inhibitors | Materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction
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| Ionizing Radiation | Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms.
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| Local Toxic Effect | A chemical injury at the site of contact (typically the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth or respiratory tract).
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| Systemic Effects | A toxic chemical absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed to other parts of the body.
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| Nephrotoxic Agents | Agents that affect the kidneys.
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| Hematotoxic Agents | Agents that affect the blood.
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| Neurotoxic Agents | Agents that affect the nervous system.
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| Hepatotoxic Agents | Agents that affect the liver.
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| Lethal Dose (LD) | Minimum amount of solid or liquid that when ingested, absorbed, or injected through the skin will cause death.
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| Median Lethal Dose (LD50) | A single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of animals when administered by the oral route
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| Lethal Dose Low (LDLO or LDL) | Lowest administered dose of a material capable of killing a specified test species.
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| Irritants | Toxins that cause temporary but sometimes severe inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system.
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| Convulsants | Toxic materials that can cause convulsions (involuntary muscle contractions).
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| Corrosives | Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissues and have destructive effects (cause corrosion, particularly to metals).
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| Acid | Any chemical that ionozes (breaks down) to yeild hydrogen ions in water. Has pH level values of 0-6.
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| Base (alkalis) | Water-soluble compound that breaks apart in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion. Have pH values from 8-14.
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| Carcinogens | Cancer-causing agents
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| Mutagens | Substances or agents that are capable of altering the genetic material in a living cell; in other words, they effect DNA
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| Teratogens | Substances or agents that are capable of causing developmental abnormalities in utero.
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| Allergens | Substances that cause allergic reactions in people or animals
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| Sensitizers | Chemicals that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the chemical
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| Etiological | The exposure to a micro-organism or its toxin that may result in a sever, disabling disease.
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