Myers 7th Edition - Chapter 02 Vocabulary
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| show | A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists.)
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| show | A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
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| Dendrite | show 🗑
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| Axon | show 🗑
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| Myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath | show 🗑
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| show | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
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| show | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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| show | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
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| show | Chemical messengers that traverse synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neurons, influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
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| show | A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction.
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| Endorphins [en-DOR-fins] | show 🗑
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| Nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | The brain and spinal cord.
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| Peripheral nervous system (PNS) | show 🗑
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| show | Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
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| show | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system.
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| show | Central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
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| Motor neurons | show 🗑
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| show | The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.
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| Autonomic [aw-tuh-NAHM-ik] nervous system | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | show 🗑
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| Reflex | show 🗑
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| show | Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning.
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| show | Tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | show 🗑
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| show | A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan.
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| PET (positron emission tomography) scan | show 🗑
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| show | A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain.
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| Brainstem | show 🗑
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| show | The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.
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| show | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.
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| show | The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
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| show | The "little brain' attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance.
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| show | A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and agression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
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| show | Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic systems and are linked to emotion.
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| Hypothalamus [hi-po-THAL-uh-muss] | show 🗑
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| show | The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
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| Glial cells | show 🗑
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| Frontal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex.
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| Occipital [ahk-SIP-uh-tuhl] lobes | show 🗑
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| Temporal lobes | show 🗑
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| show | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
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| show | The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations.
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| Association areas | show 🗑
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| show | Impairment of langauge, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).
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| Broca's area | show 🗑
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| Wernicke's area | show 🗑
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| show | The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development.
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| show | The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
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| show | A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of corpus callosum) between them.
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| show | The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
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| show | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
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| show | A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
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| show | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pitiutary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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