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| What is tactical ventilation | The planned, systematic, and coordinated removal of heated air, smoke, gases, or other airborne contaminants from a structure
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| When should tactical ventilation be performed | Fire attack hoselines/teams are in place and ready to advance toward the fire
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| What must occur for a successful tactical ventilation | Careful planning
Knowledge of building construction
Knowledge of fire behavior
Systematic application of procedures/techniques
Coordination with other fire ground activities
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| What are some reasons tactical ventilation would be performed | Reduce interior heat
Decrease rate of fire spread/extreme fire behavior
Improve visibility, efficiency, victim survival potential
Reduce smoke damage and property damage
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| How can tactical ventilation improve life safety for firefighters and occupants | Increase oxygen concentration
Reduce toxic products of combustion concentration
Reduce temperature
Increase visibility
Create smoke free egress paths
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| What factors should be considered when assessing the use of tactical ventilation | Risks to occupants/firefighters
Building construction
Fire behavior indicators
Location/extent of fire
Type/location of ventilation
Weather
Exposures
Staffing/available resources
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| What hazards can be expected from the accumulation of smoke and fire gases | Visual impairment
Lack of oxygen
Presence of toxic gases
Presence of flammable gases
Possibility of rapid fire development
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| What building characteristics should be considered when assessing the use of tactical ventilation | Occupancy type
Construction type
Floor area and compartmentation
Ceiling heaight
Number of stories above/below fire floor
Number, size, and location of exterior openings
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| What observations of smoke can create a clear picture of interior fire conditions | Volume of smoke
Location of smoke
Smoke color, density, and pressure
Movement of smoke
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| What are air flow indicators the you should pay attention to when using tactical ventilation | Velocity
Turbulence
Direction
Movement of neutral plane
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| What is air flow caused by | Pressure differentials inside/outside a compartment
Differences in density between hot smoke and cool air
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| What must be present in order for a flow path to be present | Vent inlet
Vent outlet
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| What is a flow path | The path air travels between the inlet and outlet vents
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| What are some visual indicators to watch for from heat | Blistering paint
Bubbling roofing tar
Crazed glass
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| What can flames provide an indication of | Size and location of the fire
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| What are the different types of ventilation | Vertical and horizontal
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| What are the available means of ventilation | Natural, mechanical, and hydraulic
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| What are some factors that effect where to ventilate | Location of occupants and fire
Desired flow path
Condition of building, building construction, openings
Effect ventilation could have on fire, egress, exposures
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| What factor should the means of tactical ventilation work with | Prevailing wind
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| What are some internal exposures | Occupants
Contents
Uninvolved rooms/area of building
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| What risk does ventilation below the highest point of a building increase | Ignite portions of the exterior building
Heat/gases drawn into openings
Ignite exposures
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| What are some things that external exposures can be affected by | Radiation
Direct flame contact
Heat/smoke drawn in through openings/HVAC
Ignition from convection embers
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| What indicates the need to used mechanical or hydraulic ventilation | Location/size of fire have been determined
Layout of building won’t work with natural ventilation
Natural ventilation becomes ineffective
Fire burning below ground
Fire so large natural ventilation isn’t efficient
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| What structure work well with horizontal ventilation | Buildings that fire has not involved attic/cockloft
Involved floors of multistory structures are below top floor
Building is weak and threat of collapse
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| Where should a fan be positioned for mechanical horizontal ventilation | At an opening on the leeward side
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| What should be done when using a smoke ejector | Sealed the area around the opening to prevent recirculating
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| What can atmospheric pressure cause when using horizontal ventilation | Recirculate air by pushing smoke and heat back into openings
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| What is a best practice for having effective horizontal ventilation | Keep the flow path as straight as possible
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| How far away should a fan be positioned from a door for PPV | 4 to 6 feet
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| For PPV what area of the opening being used should be covered by the fan cone | All of it
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| Where should positive pressure be applied when ventilating a multi story building | Apply at the lowest point
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| What is the main issues with PPV In above ground operations | Coordinating the opening and closing of the doors in the stairwell being used to ventilate the building
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| What actions should be taken to ensure PPV is successful | Exhaust opening is sufficient
Monitor PPV fan
Maintain communications
Take advantage of existing openings
Cover inlet vent with air cone
Avoid creating unintended outlets
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| What are some advantages of PPV to NPV | Don’t have to enter IDLH
More efficient
Little effect on smoldering debris
Less cleaning/maintenance
PPV effective in all types of structures
Heat and smoke can be directed
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| What are some disadvantages of PPV | Structure must be intact
Carbon monoxide levels may be increased
Hidden fires can accelerate
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| How is hydraulic ventilation performed | Fog nozzle directed out an opening and covering 85-90 percent of the opening and the nozzle should be at least 2 feet away from opening
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| What are some disadvantages of hydraulic ventilation | Increase in water damage
Excessive use of water
Increase in ice in freezing temperatures
Firefighters must remain in IDLH
Operations interrupted when air supply low
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| What are some advantages of using mechanical ventilation | Supplements and enhances natural ventilation
Ensures more control of air flow
Speeds the removal of contaminants
Reduces smoke damage
Promotes good public relations
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| What can occur if improper mechanical advantage occurs | Fire intensifies
Has to have a power source
Special equipment needed
Need additional resources/personnel
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| When will vertical ventilation occur | When ic determines the need, safety, and effectiveness
Considered age/type of building construction
Observed safety precautions
Identified escape routes
Selected pace to ventilate
Considered location, duration, and extent of fire
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| What risks are increased when vertical ventilation occurs | Placing personnel above ground level
Working on both peaked and flat surfaces
Working above fire
Working on roofs that could have been weakened
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| How should roofs with tile and slate be sounded | They can’t
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| What are some signs of an unsafe Roof | Melting asphalt
Spongy roof
Smoke coming from roof
Fire coming from roof
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| What should happen before cutting a ventilation hole | Cut a inspection hole
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| What are the primary types of inspection holes | Kerf cut and triangle/A cut
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| What is offensive ventilation | Making an opening over the seat of the fire at or near the highest point of the roof
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| What are two critical points to remember when ventilating any roof | Square/rectangular opening is easier to cut
One large opening is better than multiple small ones
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| Where should flat roof openings be located | Between roof trusses or with the truss in the middle of the opening
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| What cut is used when a truss is in the middle of an opening | Louver cut
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| Where should a ventilation opening be made on shingle covered pitched roofs | A few inches below the peak on the leeward side
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| How are slate and tile roofs be ventilated | Remove tiles/slate and cut sub roof under it as a standard roof
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| What should be done whenever ventilating an arched roof | Make a kerf cut to locate arches, observe truss space, determine fire involvement
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| Where should you walk whenever ventilating a roof | On trusses or strong points
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| What a trench cut strictly used for | Defensive operation/ventilation
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| What does a trench cut create | A firebreak that stops the spread of fire in common attics or large structures
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| Where should a trench cut be located | 30 feet ahead of the advancing fire
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| What should happen before a trench cut occurs | An offensive ventilation opening is made
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| What does the offensive ventilation opening allow when making a trench cut | Heat and smoke escape allowing the trench cut to be made safely
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| What would happen if an offensive ventilation opening was not made before a trench cut is performed | Fire will quickly be drawn to new opening
Fire will burn past trench cut
Endanger firefighters
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| How is a trench cut made | Two parellel cuts far enough apart to stop the fire but it compromise roof integrity that extends from one exterior wall to the opposite exterior wall.
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| What are some factors that reduce the effectiveness of vertical ventilation | Improper use of mechanical ventilation
Indiscriminant window breaking
Fire stream directed into exhaust openings
Explosions
Burn through of structural components
Improper location of ventilation openings
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| How do you ventilate a basement with windows | Horizontal ventilation
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| What is the best practice to ventilate a basement without windows | Vertical ventilation using natural flow paths from the basement
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| What is a last resort to ventilate a basement | Cut an opening in the floor near a ground level opening and use fans to push heat and smoke out of the building
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| How are windowless buildings usually ventilated | Mechanical ventilation
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| When can horizontal smoke spread and hot gas layers occur in multi story buildings | Vertical exhaust opening isn’t large enough to exhaust smoke and gases
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| What stair well can be used to ventilate a multistory building | The stair well that penetrates the roof
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| How can a stairwell be used to ventilate a building | Chimney with the roof door open and a PPV fan located at the base of the stair well.
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