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Cardiac Bullets

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FACT
FACT
the nurse should assess for dependent edema in the lower extremities such as the ankles in the ambulatory patient or the sacrum in the w/c bound patient   in acute venous insufficiency collateral blood flow doesnt have an oportunity to develop  
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The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.35 - 7.45   pulse deficit is the difference between the apical pulse and the peripheral pulse (such as the radial pulse)  
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During heparin therapy, the pateint shoudl receive tylenol not aspirin for headaches   in chronic venous insufficiency collateral blood flow develops to the affected area  
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a milliequivelent (mEq) is the nunit of measurement used to describe the chemical activity of electrolytes - mEq is the number of milligrams per 100 milliliters of a solution   pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. For example if blood pressure is 120/80 the pulse pressure is 40 mm/hg  
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the nurse should weigh the patient at the same time every day using the same scale and with the patient wearing the same type of clothing   before engaging in strenuous activity a patient with angina pectoris should take a nitroglycerin tablet  
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a pteint with orthopnea must sit or stand to breathe deeply or comfortably   a positiv eHomans sign is a sign of DVT  
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before administering protamine sulfate as an antidote for heparin overdose the nurse should verify that the patient doesn't have an allergy to fish   patients with heart failure should avoid canned or processed foods, which are high in sodium  
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during lasix therapy the patient is at risk for potassium loss which can lead to hypokalemia   in a dark skinned pateint the nurse should assess for petechiae on teh oral mucosa rather than on the skin  
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a patient with heart failue should avoid canned or processed foods which are high in sodium   in a dark skinned pt the nurse should assess for petechiae on the oral mucosa rather than on the skin  
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biological death with the irreversible destruction and death of brain tissue   a tilt table allows gradual movment from horizontal to a vertical position  
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using a tilt table allows the pt body to compensate for position changes   stable angina pectoris is characterized by substernal pain thats caused by myocardial ischemia and lasts 2-3 min  
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angina that lasts for more than 20 minutes and isnt relieved by ntg indicates a developing myocardial infarction   the results of ntg test are positive if ntg adminstration relieves angina  
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for a patient with angina pectoris the goal of treatment is to reduce the hearts workload   ntg causes genralized vasodilation which promotes blood flow to the heart muscle  
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the nurse should teach a patient who has angina and is receiving sublingual ntg to place a tablet under the tongue at the first sign of chest pain   the patient may repoeat the ntg dosage every 5 to 15 minutes for maximum of 3 tablets  
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if hcest pain peresists for longer than 15 minutes the pt should be instructed to go to the nearest health care facility   to administer subcutaneous heparin the nurse should insert the needle into the skin at a 45 degree angle  
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for the post op patient who is at risk for deep veing thrombosis, heparin or Lovenox is usually given   oral anticoagulants such as warfarin to prevent thrombus formation  
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anitcoagulants cant dissolve a throumbus that has already formed   anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated in patients who has severe diabetes liver or kidney disease or ulcers  
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to assess a pt for thrombophlebitis the nurse should compare the measurements of the affected and unaffected limbs every day   ntg tablets are considered expired 5 to 6 months after the bottle is opened  
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signs of a pacemaker failure include dizziness, fainting palpitations hiccups and chest pain   before getting the pt out of bed for the first time after surgery, the nurse should have the pt dangle his legs over the edge of the bed  
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a pacemaker surgical or orthopedic clips or shrapnel will interfere with the results of a magnetic resonance imaging scan   the optimal schedule for adminstering an around the clock antibiotic is 6 am 12 pm 6pm and 12am  
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a pt who has unstable angina experiences pain at rest   atelectasiss typically occurs 24 to 48 hours after surgery  
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in dark skinned persons skin color changes can best be seen in areas of less pigmentation such as lips, mucous membranes ear lobes palms and soles   therapeutic range for digoxin is 0.5 to 2 mg/ml  
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a pt who is taking anticoagulants as an outpatient should be instructed to call the physician if he has black tarry feces   the nurse should monitor the partial thromboplastin time of the patient who is recieving heparin  
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to determine whether a patient has a pulse deficit one nurse should measure the apical pulse while a second nurse measures the radial pulse at the same time using the same watch   before contrast medium is injected the nurse should tell the pt to expect a transient burning sensation and a metallic taste in his mouth  
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the most reliable way to identify a pt is to check his id bracelet   the nurse should being d/c planning when the pt is admitted  
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dangling the pt legs before getting him out of bed helps prevnent pooling of blood and orthostatic hypotension   green leafy veggies are good sources of Magnesium  
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sodium is the major cation in extracellular fluid   hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells  
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abnormal breath sounds are called adventitious   the most common cause of pulmonary edema is left sided heart failure  
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the most common cause of pulmonary edema is left sided heart failure   diuretic use is the leading cause of potassium deficit  
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potassium is the major cation in intracellular fluid   the SA node is the heart's pacemaker  
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the T wave represents repolarization of the ventricles   after a diagnostic study in which the femoral site is used, the patient must lie flat for 8 hours  
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when caring for a patient who has undergone a cardiac catheterization the nurse must report a rapid or irregular pulse immediately   yellowing of vision is a symptom of digoxin toxicity  
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digoxin causes a slower stronger heartbeat and allows the heart to rest between beats   a bounding pulse indicates excess fluid volume  
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muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmia are common in patients with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia   a bruit or rushing sound heard with a stethoscope over the thydroid gland indicates a hypermetabolic state  
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to conserve energy in a patient who is in a weakened state the nurse may need to alternate care procdedures with rest periods   a decreased vitamin K level causes a prolonged PT  
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the pt with serum K level of less than 3mEq/L needs potassium replacement therapy   about 85% of arterial emboli originate from thrombi in the heart chambers  
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when caring for pt with an embolus in an arm or leg the nurse should keep the affected part at or below the horizontal plane   during the early stage of shock , the pt blood pressure may be nromal but the resp. and HR increase  
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cool moist pale skin as is seen during shock results from diversion of blood from the skin to major organs   to assess cap refill the nurse applies pressure over the nailbed until blanching occurs quickly releases the pressure and notes how quickly the blanching fades  
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the nurse should suspect thrombophlebitis in the patient with homan's sign   petechiae are tiny round red purplish spots that may appear on the skin and mucous membranes  
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the antidote for heparin overdose is protamine sulfate   the antidote for warfarin overdose is vitamin K  
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all pts older than age 65 should be assessed for aneurysm because of the normal vascular changes that accompany aging   Raynaud's disease is characterized by recurrent inflammation of the intermediate small veins of the extremities  
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As raynaud's disease progressses the pt may have ulcers and superficial gangrene of the hands   ascites is excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity  
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a thready pulse is fine and scarcely perceptible   when taking a pt radial pulse the nurse should assess its rate rhythm quality and force  
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to obtain an accurate flood pressure raeding the nurse should pump the bulb until the mercury column or aneroid dial reaches 20-30mm Hg before the point at which the pulse disappears or above the pts baseline systolic pressure   the nurse shouldnt massage a leg with a blood clot because this could dislodge the clot  
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mydriatic drugs dilate the pupils   miotic drugs constrict the pupils  
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when placing a ntg patch on a pt the nurse should avoid touching the medicated disc and should wash her hands after application however gloves aren't required   the nurse should count an irregular pulse for 1 full minute  
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a pt who has MV stenosis typically has signs and symptoms associated with improper emptying of the left atrium and subsequent pulmonary congestion   MV stenosis usually arises as a complication of rheumatic fever  
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atelectasis is an abnormal condition thats characterized by the collapse of the lung tissue and incomplete expansion of lobules or a lung segment   to perform a CPR the nurse should place the vicitim on a flat and solid surface  
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for the pt with heart failure decreasing the workload of the heart is one of the nurses most important goals   antiembolism stockings provide gradual compression of the superficial blood vessels helping to prevent thrombus formation  
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a pt who no longer requires bed rest after a femoral politeal bypass graft should be permitted to walk and stand   the nurse should give aluminum hydroxide separately and at least 1 hour before or after the administration of enteric coated medications  
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acid base balance is the body's hydrogen ion concentration   buffers are substances in teh blood that prevent body fluid from becoming overly acidic or alkaline  
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metabolic acidosis results from excessive loss of bicarbonate or excessive production or retention of acid   nausea vominting restlessness and twitching are signs of disequilibrium syndrome caused by rapid fluid shift  
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early signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis include polyuria polyphagia faigue malaise drowsiness headache and abdominal pain   prothrombin is a clotting factor thats produced by the liver  
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the pt is usually the best source of health history information   the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are regulated by the ANS  
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to guard against a charge of malpractice the nurse should provide care in a reasonable and prudent manner   crackles indicate lung congestion caused by fluid or pus  
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wheezing is an abnormal high pitched breath soudn that indicates obstruction or closure of the bronchi   when caring for a pt with heart failure the nurse should elevate the head of the bed  
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after chest surgery the nurse should encourage the pt to raise the arm on the affected side above the head frequently   in a pt who is receiving digoxin a below normal serum K level increases the risk of digoxin toxicity  
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a silent MI causes no symptoms   adverse effects of verapamil include dizziness headache constipation hypotension and AV condction disturbances  
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foods high in vitamin D include fortified milk fish liver liver oil and egg yolk   bread and cereal are good sources of thiamine iron niacin and riboflavin  
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central cyanosis is the most significant sign of hypoxia   when taking BP the nurse should support the pts arm rather than letting the pt use his own strenght to hold the arm up  
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nonmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease include heredity, sex, race, and age   foods that are high in sodium can cause fluid retention  
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when prioritizing nursing diagnosis the nurse houdl give life-threatening problems top priority   spinal shock is loss of all spinal reflexes and sensations below the level of injury after spinal cord transection  
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in R sided cardiac cath, a radiopaque catheter passes through the antecubital or femoral vein and into the pts right atrium right ventricle and pulmonary vasculature   in a stroke, blood vessels in the brain are blocked by an embolus or a hemmorrahge. As a result blood supply is decrased to brain tissues that are nromally perfused by damaged vessels  
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the nurse shouldn't administer atropoine to a pt who has glaucoma   smooth muslces are controlled by the ANS  
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Inderal blocks sympathetic nerve stimulation that increases the cardiac workload during exercise or stress   ECG changes usually appear during the first 24 hours after a myocardial infarction but in some cases they are delayed 5 to 6 days  
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cottage cheese fish canned beans chuck steak chocolate pudding Italian salad dressing dill pickles and beef broth are extremely high in sodium   prunes watermelons dired lima beans soybeans bananas oranges nectarines and cantelopes are high in potassium  
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pulmonary congestion may lead to accumulation of fluid throughout the body   the nurse should use the bell of the stethoscope to listen for venous hums and murmurs  
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the normal serum Ca level is 4.5 to 5.5 mEq/L   the normal serum sodium level is 135 - 145 MEq/L  
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the normal serum potassium level is 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L   lactated ringers solution is an isotonic solution  
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a serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L indicates hyponatremia   one unti of blood is 500ml  
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heparin is the drug of choice to treat thrombembolitic disease   the surgeon can use a Fogarty emoblectomy catheter to extract an embolus from a large artery  
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blockage of a large artery by an embolus is a life threatening emergency that requires immediate surgery   acute iliofemoral veous thrombosis causes limb enlargement It can be detected by measuring the affected part and comparing it with the opposite extremity  
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the ares that sustain the greatest damage from arteriosclerosis are the brain heart GI tract kidneys and extremities   Warfarin is an anticoagulant  
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foods that are high in iron include organ meats such as liver, nuts, legumes, dired fruits, eggs, whole grains, fortified cereals, and green leafy veggies   the best sources of vitamin B6 are liver kidney muslce meats soybeans corn and whole grain cereals  
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signs of arterial obstruction cuased by an embolism inlcude absent pulse anesthesia paralysis and pale cool skin   the heart has 4 valves tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic and aortic  
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heparin incactivates thromboplastin and thrombin   the cause of essential hypertension is unknown  
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administration of inderal reduces portal pressure and decreases the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices   the most common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is atherosclerosis  
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the PMI is located at the fifth intercostal space near the apex of the heart   the first heart sound represents closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves  
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the second heart sound represents clousre of the aortic and pulmonic valves   the coronary artery supplies blood to the myocardium  
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the nurse should instruct a pt who is following a low salt diet to avoid canned veggies   a pt who is taking Lasix should eat bananas and citrus fruits becasue they are a good source of K  
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dyspnea is a common sign of left ventricle failure   if the pt BP rises 30 mm Hg above the baseline value the nurse should notify the physician  
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after cardiac surgery the pt should follow a diet that provides 2gm of sodium and 300 mg of cholestrol daily   the kidneys play a major role in maintaining the bodys fluid balance  
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orange juice and green leafy veggies are good sources of folic acid   sodium regulates extracellular osmolality  
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in the early stage of shock, teh heart and brain maintain blood circulation   a trauma pt who has received multiple blood transfusions is at risk for hypocalcemia and hypothermia  
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Lidocaine is the drug of choice to treat PVCs   the ventricles usually sustain the greateast damage during MI  
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during MI pain occurs when anorexia causes myocardial ischemia   the pt with diabetic ketoacidosis is at risk for shock  
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the pt with DM is susceptible to atherosclerosis   tetany may result from hypocalcemia  
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alcohol interferes with the absorption of vitamin B 12 in the GI tract   K is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid  
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hypovolemia occurs when 15-25% of the bodys total blood volume is lost   CPR shouldnt be interrupted unless the rescuer is alone and must stop to get help  
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in balloon angioplasty a small balloon tipped catheter is inflated inside an artery to exert pressure against a plaque and flatten it   a clear liquid diet consists of clear fluids and foods that become liquid at body temperature  
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a full liquid diet consist of simple easily digested foods this diet provides fluids and calories but may be inadequate in folic acid iron Vitamin B 6 and fiber   a pureed diet supplies all of the patients nutritional needs  
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a soft diet includes semisolid foods and is often supplemented with between meal snacks   a mechanical soft diet is used for the pt who has difficulty chewing or tolerating a reg diet  
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the pt who requires no dietary modifications can recieve a regular diet   a bland diet doesnt include foods that cause gastric irritation or excess acid secretions unless they provide a neutralizing effect  
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respiratory acidosis may occur in conditions such as drug overdose, guillain Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and COPD   respiratory alkalosis may occur in such conditions as high fever, servere hypoxia, asthma, and pulmonary embolism  
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metabolic acidosis may result from renal failure, diarrhea, diabetic ketosis, or lactic ketosis   metabolic alkalosis may result from nasal and gastric suctioning, excessive diuretic use, or steroid therapy  
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during cardiac catheterization the pt may experience a thudding sensation in the chest as a result of maniupulation of the catheter   signs of acute rheumatic fecer include chorea, fever, carditis, migratory polyarthritis, skin rash and subcutaneous nodules  
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A pt how has a history rheumatic fever should take prophylactic antibiotic s before undergoing dental or invasive procedures   after an MI most pts are permitted to resume sexual activity when they can climb 2 flights of stair without fatigue or dyspnea  
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hypercapnia is an excess of CO 2 in the blood   hemorrhage is the most common post op problem  
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Kussmauls respirations are the body's attemtp to blow off excess CO2   green leafy veggies are high in fiber  
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drinking too much plain water can lead to electrolyte imbalances   brain damage occurs 4 to 6 minutes after cardiopulmonary function ceases  
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metabolic acidosis results from excessive loss of Bicarb or excessive production or retention of acid   arterial blood is bright red flows rapidly and spurts with each heartbeat  
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venous blood is dark red and tends to ooze from a wound   atropine blocks the effects of acetylcholine  
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the nurse should suspect respiratory alkalosis in a patient whose partial pressure of CO 2 is less than 35 mm Hg   angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decrease blood pressure by interfering with the renin angiotensin mechanism  
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the nromal value for arterial blood oxygen saturation is 94 - 100%   if a pt is receiving propranolol the nurse should tell the pt not to discontinue the medication suddenly  
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the radial artery is most commonly used for obtaing ABGs   almost all external bleeding can be stopped with direct pressure  
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verapamil is a calcium channel blocker   when administering heparin subcutaneously the nurse should not aspirate  
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the normal serum creatinine level is 0 - 200 / 24 hours   a low fat low sodium diet includes chicken and fresh salad  
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pts with varicose veins may have achiness heaviness and pain in the affected leg   claudication is pain on ambulation the most likely cuase is inadequate arterial blood flow  
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the best method to relieve the pain associated with varicose veins is to elevate the affected lef periodically throughout the day   stasis ulcers first appear as darkly pigmented scaly areas and progress to skin breakdown and craters that are difficult to heal  
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for the pt who has had vein stripping and vein ligation surgery the MD usually orders walking hourly in the immediate post op period   caffeine can impair blood flow because it constricts arteries and arterioles it should be avoided by patients who have a history of venous stasis  
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signs of adequate circulation in a leg include warm toes and feet and CR < 3 sec   anaphylactic reaction causes dyspnea hypotension and loss of consciousness  
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a treatment for anaphylaxis is epinephrine   a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis is ketones which ar by products of fat metabolism fat metabolism occurs when the body cant use glucose as energy source and breaks down fat as a substitute  
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the best method to prevent blood clots after surgery is ambulation   the pt who is taking mannitol should have a catheter because the osmtoic effect of the drug causes increased urination  
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adverse effects associated with mannitol therapy include dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and diarrhea   decreasing blood pressure increased pulse and increased respirations are signs of impending shock in the postoperative patient  
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the organ that usually sustains damage from hypertension is the eye   administration of diuretics in the morning minimizes disruption of sleep for urination  
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cholesterol is animal fat that attaches to the intimal layer or the arteries It enlarges to form plaque that occludes the passageway of the vessels causingn atherosclerosis   a stress ECG should be stopped if the patient has chest pain, dangerous cardiac rhythm changes or a significant incrase in blood pressure  
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adverse effects of ntg tablets include headache, flushing and dizziness   concentrated urine is one of the first signs of dehydration  
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tomatoe juice is high in vitamin C   night blindness is associated with vitamin A deficiency  
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before putting antiembolism stockings on the patient the nurse should have the patient lie down with the feet elevated for 20 to 30 minutes   the daily dose of digoxin is 0.125 to 0.5 mg daily  
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a sign that heart failure is resolving is increasing urine output   a sign or pericarditis is friction rub  
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a pt who recieves an organ transplant must take an mmunosupressant for life   frothy blood tinged sputum is a sign of pulmonary edema  
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normal central venous pressure is 2 ot 8 mm Hg or 5 to 10 cm H2O   a decrease in central venous pressure indicates a decrease in circulating fluid as is seen in renal failure  
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If a central venous pressure is associated with an incrase in circulating fluid volume as seen in renal failure   to ensure an accurate baseline CVP reading the zero point of the transducer must be at the level of the right atrium  
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CKMB is an isoenzyme of CK that's specific to the heart increases 4 ot 6 hours after a MI peaks at 12 to 18 hours and returns to nromal in 3 to 4 days   a pt who survives an M I and has no other cardiopathology usually requires 6 ot 12 weeks for a full recovery  
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risk factors associated with embolism are increased blood viscocity decreased circulation, prolonged bed rest and increased blood coagulability   dependent edema is an early sign of right sided heart failure  
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If contrast medium is used during MRI the pt may experience diuresis when the medium is flushed from his body   (blank)  
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