Physiological Psychology
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| Glial Cells | 1) Provide neurons with structural support, nutrients, and insulation
2) Produces myelin
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| Multiple Sclerosis | An autoimmune disorder that destroys the myelin sheath and is caused by a malfunctioning immune system.
Symptoms include: impaired vision, pain, fatigue, slurred speech, impaired coordination, and tremors
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Increase the likelihood of an action potential
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| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | Decreases likelihood of an action potential
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| Action Potential | Electrical Impulse that is responsible for the release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse
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| Dopamine | Involved in movement, learning, moo, sleep, and reinforcing effects of drugs
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| Abnormal levels of Dopamine | Associated with Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tourette's, ADHD, MDD, and Schizophrenia
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| Schizophrenia and Dopamine | Positive symptoms are associated with Dopamine HYPERactivity in subcortical regions
Negative symptoms are associated with Dopamine HYPOactivity in cortical regions, notably, the prefrontal cortex
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| Acetylcholine (Ach) | Involved in control of skeletal muscles, regulation of smooth and cardiac muscles, arousal, attention, memory
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| Low levels of Ach | Low levels of Ach in the hippocampus are associated with Alzheimer's and early memory loss. Cholinesterase inhibitors reduce the breakdown of Ach in mild to moderate Alzheimer's, helping to slow the progression and temporarily reverse symptoms.
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| Glutamate | Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in movement, emotions, learning, and memory. Glutamate is involved in long-term potentiation, which is necessary for long term memory.
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| Too much Glutamate | Neuronal damage associated with seizures, TBI, Huntington's and Alzheimer's
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| Norepinephrine | Involved in arousal, sleep, learning, memory, and mood
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| Abnormal levels of Norepinephrine | ADHD, mania, depression. The Catecholamine hypothesis says that depression is due to low levels of catecholamines, including Norepinephrine. Mania is due to high levels.
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| Serotonin (5-HT) | Involved in arousal, sleep, sexual activity, aggression, mood, hunger, pain, body temperature
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| Low levels of 5-HT | Depression, OCD, Bulimia, migraine headaches, and increased risk for suicide
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| High levels of 5-HT | Autism, Schizophrenia, food restriction in Anorexia
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| GABA | primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; invovled in memory, mood, sleep, and motor control
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| Low levels of GABA | Anxiety, mania, insomnia, seizures, Parkinson's and Huntington's
Benzo's reduce anxiety and induce sleepiness by enhancing the effects of GABA
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| Endorphins | Inhibitory neurotransmitter than is similar in function to opiods; induces feelings of pleasure, well-being, and reduces pain perception
Endorphins are produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus during exercise, creating the "runner's high"
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| Agonists | Medications that mimic or increase the effects of neurotransmitters at receptors. Ex: DA agonists are used to treat Parkinson's
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| Partial agonists | Produce effects that are similar to (but weaker) the neurotransmitter at the receptors EX: Buspirone is a partial agonists for 5-HT and is used to treat anxiety
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| Inverse agonists | Produce the opposite effects of a neurotransmitter EX: Atypical antipsychotics do this at serotonin receptors
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| Antagonists | Produce no effects on their own and block or reduce the effects of a neutransmitter or agonist at receptors. EX: Antipsychotics that block DA receptors are antagonists, such as Haloperidol
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veb1922
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