UWORLD Gastrointestinal
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| show | Dorsal Pancreatic Bud and the Ventral Pancreatic Bud
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| show | Majority of pancreatic tissue, including the: Body, Tail, and most of the Head
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| What is formed or derived from the Ventral Pancreatic Bud? | show 🗑
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| show | IL-17, INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2
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| Which are the the ANTI-inflammatory cytokines? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. TH-17; induced by IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23; secretes IL-17
2. TH-1; induced by IL-12; secretes INF-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2
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| show | 1. Chronic hemolysis( as seen in Sickle Cell and Spherocytosis)
2. Increased intrahepatic cyclin of bilirubin ( as in iliael disease)
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| What is the main reason of BROWN pigment stones? | show 🗑
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| show | microbial (bacterial or helminthic) B-glucuronidase
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| show | Increase in UNCONJUGATED bilirubin
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| show | Calcium- bilirubinate precipitate
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| show | Lactose Intolerance
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| show | mucosal brush border of the small intestine
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| show | 1. Increased:
a- breath hydrogen content
b- stool osmolality (high water content stool)
2. Decreased:
a- stool pH
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| show | Lactulose and Rifaximin
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| show | Increases the conversion of ammonia (NH3) into ammonium (NH4)
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| What is the MOA of Rifaximin? | show 🗑
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| show | seen as a complication of liver cirrhosis, as the liver is no longer able to convert NH3 to urea for excretion. The patient is seen with altered mental status (nitrogen byproducts cross BBB) and Asterix.
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| show | GI bleeding (RBC lytic products), high-protein intake, infections, sedatives.
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| show | Gastrinoma
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| show | MEN type 1
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| show | modified squamous epithelium
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| External hemorrhoid innervation is: | show 🗑
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| Internal Hemorrhoids are covered in what type of tissue? | show 🗑
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| How are internal hemorrhoids innervated? | show 🗑
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| The Inferior Hypogastric plexus is only sensitive to? | show 🗑
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| show | Regurgitation of acidic material to the mouth; HEARTBURN; Odynophagia; and extraesophageal symptoms include cough, laryngitis, and wheezing
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| show | Patient with GERD, no increased manifestations, but unexplained weight loss and dysphagia.
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| What is FAD a component of? What mitochondrial process it is mainly involved? | show 🗑
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| show | complex I in the ETC
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| show | angular stomatitis, cheilitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, eye changes (keratitis, corneal neovascularization) and anemia; commonly seen in malnourished, alcoholics and homeless.
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| The regulation of Ras is done by: | show 🗑
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| A mutated Ras protein leads to an increase expression of the ____________________________ form, leading to development of ____________________________ tumors. | show 🗑
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| A simpler definition to BILIARY ATRESIA is: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Jaundice
2. Dark Urine
3. Acholic (pale) stools
Symtoms due to UNconjugated HYPERbilirubinemia.
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| At what time in life is Biliary Atresia commonly presented? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Intrahepatic bile duct proliferation
2. Portal Tract edema
3. fibrosis
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| What are the 2 common large intestine watershed areas? | show 🗑
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| show | SMA and IMA
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| show | Sigmoid Artery and the Superior Rectal artery
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| What areas of the intestine are more susceptible to ischemic damage in case of hypovolemic or hypoperfused event? | show 🗑
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| The granuloma formation is due to activation of which type of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | it is a multinucleated cell, made by the fusion of many epithelioid macrophages, during the formation of granuloma.
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| The band surrounding a granuloma is made of what type of cells? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. N/V
2. Abdominal pain
3. Diarrhea (rarely constipation)
4. Flatulance and bloating
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| What are the extraintestinal symptoms of Celiac Disease? | show 🗑
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| Kid shorter than classmates, that is constantly complaining of stomach pain, and often refuses to eat at home, as the food causes loose stools and abdominal pain. Suspect Diagnosis? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Tissue transGLUTAMINASE IgA
2. Anti-endomysial antibody
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| What is the confirmatory test/lab/study for Celiac Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Calcinosis
2. Raynaud phenomenon
3. Esophaeal dysmotility
4. Sclerodactility
5. Telangietsia
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| What is the morphological change seen in ESOPHAGEAL DYSMOTILITY, a common feature of Crest syndrome? | show 🗑
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| show | Fingertip ulcers
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| What is the common age range for initial presentation of Celiac Disease? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Crypt hyperplasia
2. Villous atrophy
3. Intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltration
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| What is the main treatment or modification in Celiac Disease? | show 🗑
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| What phases stimulate (increase) gastric acid secretion? | show 🗑
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| What phase(s) inhibit or decrease the secretion of gastric acid? | show 🗑
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| The GI tract's blood supply is done by which major arterial bodies? | show 🗑
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| What GI structures are supplied by the __________________ trunk? | show 🗑
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| show | Anastomoses; to 1- provide collateral arterial/blood irrigation, and 2- prevent ischemic damage in case of either been occluded or obstructed.
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| show | It is the main ANASTOMOSIS of the SMA and IMA
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| show | The Arc of Riolan (mesenteric meandering artery)
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| show | APC inactivation
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| The APC is responsible for: | show 🗑
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| APC is a: | show 🗑
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| The progression of colon cancer after APC mutation is followed by? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. K-ras activation
2. DCC inactivation
3. p53 - inactivation
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| show | increasing age, obesity, excessive bile salt lost (terminal ileum disease), and female (remember 4Fs)
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| show | Hydrophilic bile acids, such as ursodeoxycholic acid; it is used to dissolve the gallstone by:
1. reducing the amount of cholesterol secreted
2. increasing bile acid concentration
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| Why is a bx of a Cavernous Hemangioma contraindicated? | show 🗑
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| show | Strongyloides stercoralis
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| show | Skin penetration; Filiform
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| show | Rhabditiform larvae in stool
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| show | Non-infectious
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| How is Hyperinfection Syndrome by Strongyloides stercoralis caused? | show 🗑
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| What is cell immunity is deficient in Hyperinfection Syndrome by Strongyloides stercoralis? what kind of patients are most suceptible? | show 🗑
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| show | Chronic GI and pulmonary symptoms, Pruritic, edematous, linear (larva currens) on thighs and buttocks.
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| What is the treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis infection? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Biliary Disorders (PCB, PBC),
2. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
3. Intestinal Malabsorption
4. Small Bowel resection (Chron's, Bariatic Sx)
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| What is the most common cause of Fulminant Hepatitis? | show 🗑
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| Which is the most commonly used inhaled anaesthetic worldwide? In the USA? | show 🗑
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| How is Fulminant Hepatitis clinically presented? | show 🗑
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| What condition is clinically indistinguishable from acute viral hepatitis? | show 🗑
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| Which are the main lab results elevated in Fulminant Hepatitis? | show 🗑
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| Immunoglobulin attachment sites. Where does the Antigen, Complement, and Phagocytic cells attach? | show 🗑
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| show | Base Excision Repair
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| show | 1. Glycosylase- removes the defective base
2. Endonucleases - cleave the corresponding empty-sugar phophate
3. Lyase - removes the empty-sugar phosphate
4. DNA pol- replaces the missing nucleotide
5. Ligase - seals the remaining final nick
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| show | fever, malaise, anorexia, N/V, and RUQ pain
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| show | Cholestasis
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| What are the signs of Cholestasis? | show 🗑
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| What is shown in a histological view of hepatocytes with acute HAV infection? | show 🗑
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| What are the Phagocytic cells that attach to the Fc segment of Immunoglobulins? | show 🗑
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| A defect in the Linea Alba, leads to the development of: | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Down Syndrome, 2. Optional surgical resection at age 5; 3. Nontender bulge; 4. protrusion of sac by increasing abdominal pressure (baby crying, laughing)
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| Crohn's Disease may affect which part of the GI tract? is the rectum spared or involved? | show 🗑
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| Which IBD condition always involves damage to the rectum? | show 🗑
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| show | Crohn's Disease
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| show | Ulcerative Colitis
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| What are some common complication of Crohn's Disease? | show 🗑
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| Strictures in Crohn's Disease are due to: | show 🗑
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| Associated with Crohn's disease, and due t penetration of ulcers though the intestinal wall | show 🗑
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| How is Pneumatosis intestinalis described on abdominal X-ray? | show 🗑
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Created by:
rakomi
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