Chapter 5
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| Drive reduction theory | Theory of motivation that proposes that motivation seeks to reduce internal level of drive.
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| Primary drive | A drive that motivates us to maintain homeostasis in certain biological processes within the body.
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| Motive | A tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes.
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| Bulimia nervosa | A mental health disorder in which a person alternately binges on large quantities of food and engages in inappropriate compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain.
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| Anorexia nervosa | A mental health disorder in which a person has an intense fear of gaining weight, even though he/she is actually underweight. This irrational fear motivates the person to lose unhealthy amounts of weight through self-starvation.
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| Drive | An uncomfortable internal state that motivates us to reduce this discomfort through our behavior.
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| Instinct | Innate impulse from within a person that directs or motivates behavior.
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| Homeostasis | An internal state of equilibrium in the body.
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| Negative feedback loop | A system of feedback in the body that monitors and adjusts our motivation level so as to maintain homeostasis.
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| Secondary drive | Learned drive that is not directly related to biological needs.
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| Arousal theory | A theory of motivation that states that we are motivated to seek out activities that allow us to perform at our optimal level of arousal.
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| Sensation seeker | A person, who by trait, tends to seek out arousing activities.
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| Self-determination theory | A theory of motivation that emphasizes the fact that as we pursue the fulfillment of basic needs, we are motivated by different types of motivation that come from both our self and outside world.
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| Incentive | A goal or desire that we are motivated to fulfill.
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| Intrinsic motivation | Motivation that comes from within the person.
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| Extrinsic motivation | Motivation that comes from outside the person.
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| Hierarchy of needs | Maslow's theory that humans are motivated by difference needs, some of which take precedence over others.
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| Self-actualization | The need to reach our full potential as a human being.
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| Set point | The theory that our body has a particular weight that it seeks to maintain.
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| Ghrelin | A hunger-stimulating hormone produced by the stomach.
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| Peptide YY | A hormone released in the gut that reduces hunger.
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| Cholecystokinin (CCK) | A hormone released by the small intestines that plays a role in hunger regulation.
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| Glucose | The form of sugar that the body burns as fuel.
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| Glycogen | A starchy molecule that is produced from excess glucose in the body; it can be thought of as the body's stored energy reserves.
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| Leptin | A hormone released by fat cells in the body tha plays a role in hunger regulation.
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| Lateral hypothalamus (LH) | A region of the hypothalamus once though to be the hunger center of the brain.
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| Neuropeptide Y | The most powerful hunger stimulant known.
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| Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) | A region of the hypothalamus that plays an indirect role in creating a feeling of satiety.
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| Obese | Having a mass index of 30 or over.
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| Basal metabolic rate | The rate at which we burn energy in our bodies when resting.
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| Binge eating disorder | A mental health disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, as in bulimia nervosa, but without the regular use of compensatory measures to avoid weight gain.
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| Intracellular fluid | The fluid found inside the cells of the body and that is used to regulate thirst.
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| Extracellular fluid | The fluid found in the spaces between cells of the body and that is used to regulate thirst.
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| Opponent-process theory | Theory of motivation that states that the body will counteract effects of ingested drugs by adjusting arousal level opposite of drugs effect.
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| Emotion | A complex reaction to some internal or external event that involves physiological reactions, behavioral reactions, facial expressions, cognition, and effective responses.
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| Affective component of emotion | The subjective experience of what you are feeling during the emotion.
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| James-Lange theory | A theory of emotion that defines an emotion as a unique pattern of physiological arousal.
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| Cannon-Bard theory | A theory of emotion that states that emotions originate in the brain, not the body.
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| Facial feedback hypothesis | A theory of emotion that states that our emotional state is affected by the feedback our brain gets from facial muscles.
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| Two-factor theory | A theory of emotion that states that emotions result when we cognitively interpret our physiological reactions in light of the situation.
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| Cognitive-mediational theory | A theory of emotion that states that our cognitive appraisal of a situation determines what emotion we'll feel in situations.
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| Mere exposure effect | The idea that the more one is exposed to something, the more one grows to like it.
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| Basic emotions | A proposed set of innate emotions that are common to all humans and from which other, higher-order emotions may derive.
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| Display rules | Rules that guide the appropriate expression of emotion within a specific culture.
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