Chemistry, Pivot Point Esthetics
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| Chemistry | Scientific study of matter.
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| Chemists | Scientists who study matter, its properties and changes.
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| Biochemistry | Study of chemical reactions.
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| Organic Chemistry | Study of matter containing carbon. Deals with all matter that is, or was once, living.
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| Inorganic Chemistry | Study of matter that does not contain carbon. Deals with all matter that was never living.
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| Matter | Anything that takes up space.
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| Solids | Matter that has a definite weight, volume and shape.
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| Liquids | Matter with definite weight and volume, but no shape.
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| Gases | Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape.
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| Physical Change | Change in the physical form of a substance without creating a new substance (water to ice).
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| Chemical change | A change in matter that produces one or more new substances (Oxygen combines with hydrogen to make water).
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| Sublimation | Process of a solid or gas changing states without becoming a liquid.
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| Energy | Ability to do work and cause change.
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| Atomic Number | Number of protons in an atom, shown in the periodic table with the element.
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| Elements | Basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into smaller units.
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| Periodic Law | Unifying concept to organize elements and their similarities.
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| carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S) | Elements with the most interest to the Esthetician
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| Oxygen | Most abundant element in the earth's crust and second most abundant in the atmosphere.
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| Atoms | Smallest complete unit of an element.
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| 3 parts of an atom | proton, neutron, electron
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| Proton | Positively charged particle.
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| Neutron | Neither positive nor negatively charged.
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| Electron | Negatively charged particle.
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| Molecular Weight | Protons plus neutrons equals.
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| Nucleus | Control center of the cell.
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| Electrically neutral/Stable atom | Overall charge of the atom is zero (positive and negative forces are equal)
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| Unstable/Reactive atoms | Missing electrons in outer shell.
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| Molecule | Smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound.
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| Compound | Substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements.
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| Oxidation | Loss of electrons.
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| Reduction | Gain of an electron.
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| Ion | Charged atom.
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| Ionic bond | Attraction between oppositely charged ions.
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| Covalent bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.
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| Chemical Bond | Force that holds atoms together.
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| Proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids | 3 major biochemical compounds groups in the body.
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| Proteins | Basic materials the body uses to construct and renew itself.
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| Enzymes | Dissolve and breakdown large molecules into smaller ones.
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| Amino Acids | Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen that join in chains to form proteins.
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| Peptide Bond and Polypeptide chains | How amino acid compounds are joined.
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| Peptide bond | Bond uniting 2 amino acid groups.
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| Polypeptide chain | Chain of amino acids.
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| Monomers | Building blocks of polymers.
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| Polymers | Groups of monomers that bond together.
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| Carbohydrates | Example of monomers and polymers found in the body. Used to store energy, contain a combination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) which are arranged in a chain.
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| Saccharides | Simple unit of a carbohydrate.
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| Monosaccharides | Single saccharide, simple sugars such as glucose.
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| Disaccharides | 2 monosaccharides joined together. One example is sucrose (table sugar).
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| Polysaccharides | Many saccharides linked together, such as starch.
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| Lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as triglycerides, fats, and steroids, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and fill the intercellular spaces in the skin.
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| Potential Hydrogen (pH) | A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
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| Acidic solution | Contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions.
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| Alkaline solution | Contains more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
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| Neutral solution | Concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal.
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| Acid | Releases a hydrogen ion and is positively charged.
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| Alkaline | Term used for describing a base. Releases hydroxide ions that are negatively charged.
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| PH Scale | Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14.
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| Logarithmic | Each number on the pH scale increases by multiples of 10.
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| pH balanced | Means the pH is balanced to a certain number but not necessarily 4.5-5.5.
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| Acid balanced | Balanced within the acid range of 4.5-5.5
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| Acid mantle | Protective barrier of lipids and secretions on the surface of the skin.
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| Mixture | Two or more compounds blended together physically .
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| Solution | Mixture of 2 or more chemicals in which each is evenly distributed in the mixture to form a complete blending.
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| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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| Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances.
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| Saturation point | Point at which the Solute will no longer dissolve in the solvent.
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| Water | Has a pH of 7 and is known as the universal solvent.
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| Miscible | Easily mix together. For example sugar and water.
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| Immiscible | Don't mix easily. For example oil and water.
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| Suspension | Even dispersion of a solid substance in liquid.
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| Gel | A product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity.
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| Viscosity | A liquid's resistance to flow (thickness or density).
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| Powder | Finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients.
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| Ointment | Anhydrous (without water) substance based on a mixture of oils and waxes normally having the texture of a paste.
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| Stick | A hard, low-level water or anhydrous product applied to the skin by rubbing the product directly on the desired area.
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| Aerosol | A product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant (gas) inside a container, which is usually a can i.e. hairspray.
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| Emulsion | Mixture of two or more immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other, united by small droplets of a binder (emulsifier).
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| Oil in water (O/W) emulsion | Oil droplets dispersed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent.
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| Water in Oil (W/O) emulsion | Droplets of water dispersed in an oil.
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| Emulsifier | A stabilizing agent in emulsions, used to slow down the destruction of the product. Used in concentrations from less than 1%-4%.
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| Active ingredients | The ingredients responsible for producing the desired effect.
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| The Cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA) | Devised the current system of nomenclature for each ingredient in products.
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| International Nomenclature for Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) | List of ingredient names based on the International Cosmetic Dictionary.
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| Order ingredients are listed on product. | Highest weight concentration first, then next highest until reaching concentrations of 1% or less, then they are typically shown as the most desirable first down to the least desirable.
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| Humectants | Organic ingredients that bind water and deposit it onto the skin. Typically found in products at concentrations of 1%-10%.
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| Emollients | Oils and oil-soluble substances used to soften the skin by providing an occlusive barrier.
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| Occlusive Barrier | Created by Emollients and seal in moisture.
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| Fatty acids | Come from both plant and animal sources. Commonly used in cosmetics such as cremes and lotions to keep them firm, yet soft, and easy to apply to the skin.
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| Fatty alcohols | Fatty acids that have been exposed to hydrogen.
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| Surfactants | Substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify. In products they can be found in concentrations ranging from 2%-20%.
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| Thickeners/Viscosity Modifier | Ingredients that increase density in emulsions and gel-type products. Typically range from 0.1%-1% of a product.
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| Botanicals | Ingredients derived from plants. In cosmetic products the concentration used is usually less than 5%.
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| Preservatives | Included in cosmetic products to maintain microbiological integrity or product quality during manufacturing, storage, and use by the consumer, ex. Parabens, Hydroxybenzoates
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| Chelating Agents | Ingredients added to a product to enhance the effectiveness of the preservative.
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| Coloring agents | Vegetable, mineral or pigment dyes that are added to products to enhance the products appearance.
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| Hypoallergenic | Less likely to cause allergies.
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| Fragrance free | Means that a product has less than 1% fragrance added, or no fragrance added at all.
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| Antibacterial | Destroy bacteria that can cause problems such as acne or other infections.
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| pH adjusters | Acids or alkalis (bases) used to adjust the pH of products. Also known as buffering.
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| Comedogenic | Tendency for an ingredient to clog follicles and cause a buildup of dead skin cells, resulting in comedones.
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| Non-comedogenic | Products less likely to clog pores.
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| Sunscreens (UV absorbers or blockers) | Active ingredients used in a variety of product types to block or absorb UV emitted by the sun. Considered a drug product under FDA guidelines.
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| Antioxidants | Ingredients used in certain types of treatment products to prevent skin inflammation and damage due to free radicals.
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| Free radicals | Unstable molecules that cause biochemical aging, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin.
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| Co-enzyme Q-10 (Ubiquinone) | Is a powerful antioxidant that occurs naturally in human cells, aid in the production of cellular energy, circulation, stimulates the immune system, increases tissue oxygenation and improves the appearance of aging skin.
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| Silicones | Ingredients derived from a silicone base free of contaminants are environmentally friendly unlike petroleum derivatives.
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| Cyclomethicone | Non comedogenic emollient that gives products a silky feel
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| Dimethicone | Gives products lubricity, or "slip".
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| Dimethicone copolyol | Silicone ingredient that makes products feel soft, especially sunscreens.
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| Hydroxy Acids | Organic acids extracted from a variety of natural sources including fruits, sugar, and milk. May be used at concentrations 30% or less.
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| Kinetin | Essential growth factor that prevents premature aging.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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