Chapter 7
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| Cognitive View of Learning | A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering, and using knowledge
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| Sensory Memory | system that holds sensory information very briefly
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| Domain-specific knowledge | information that us useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic
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| General knowledge | information that is useful in many different kinds of tasks; information that applies to many situations
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| information processing | The human mind's activity of taking in, storing, and using information
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| Perception | interpretation of sensory information
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| Bottom-up Processing | Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern
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| Gestalt | german for pattern or whole. Gestalt theorist hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes
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| Prototype | a best example or best representative of a category
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| Attention | Focus on a stimulus
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| Automaticity | the ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much effort
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| Working memory | The information that you are focusing on at a given moment
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| Short term memory | component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds
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| central executive | part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources
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| Phonological Loop | part of working memory. A memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound information of about 1.5 to 2 seconds
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| Visuospatial Sketchpad | part of working memory. A holding system for visual and spatial information
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| Cognitive Load | the volume of resources necessary to complete a task
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| Intrinsic cognitive load | the resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli
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| Extraneous Cognitive Load | The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task
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| Germane Cognitive Load | Deep processing of information related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem
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| Maintenance rehearsal | Keeping information in working memory by repeating it to yourself
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| Elaborative Rehearsal | keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else you already know
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| Chunking | grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units
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| Decay | The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time
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| Long-Term memory | Permanent store of knowledge
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| Declarative Knowledge | Verbal information; facts; "knowing that" something is the case
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| Procedural Knowledge | Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; "knowing how"
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| Self Regulatory Knowledge | knowing how to manage your learning, or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge
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| Explicit memory | Long term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall
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| Implicit memory | Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling, but influences behavior or thought without our awareness
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| Semantic memory | Memory for meaning
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| Propositional network | set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long term knowledge is held
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| Images | representations based on the physical attributes-the appearance-of information
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| Concept | a category used to group similar events, ideas, objects, or people
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| Defining attribute | qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept
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| Prototype | a best example or best representative of a category
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| Exemplar | an actual memory of a specific object
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| Schemas | basic structures for organizing information; concept
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| Story grammar | typical structure or organization for a category of stories
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| Episodic memory | Long term memory for information tied to particular time and place, especially memory of the events in a person's life
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| Flashbulb memories | clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in your life
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| Procedural memory | Long term memory for how to do things
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| Script | schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering pizza
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| Productions | the contents of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions
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| Priming | activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another
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| Elaboration | adding and extending meaning by connecting new information to existing knowledge
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| Organization | ordered and logical network of relations
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| Context | the physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event
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| Levels of Processing Theory | Theory that recall of information is based on how deeply it is processed
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| Spreading Activation | Retrieval of pieces of information based on their relatedness to one another. Remembering one bit of information activates (stimulates) recall of associated information
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| Retrieval | Process of searching for and finding information in long term memory
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| Reconstruction | Recreating information by using memories by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge
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| Interference | The process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information
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| Mnemonics | Techniques for remembering; the art of memory
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| Loci Method | technique of associating items with specific places
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| Acronym | Technique for remembering by using the first letter of each word in a phrase to form a new, memorable word
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| Chain mnemonic | memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element
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| Keyword Method | System of associating new words or concepts with similar-sounding cue words and images
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| Domain-specific strategies | consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem
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| Developmental Differences in Learning/Memory | Memory span, memory processing efficiency, and spee of processing
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