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Chapters 1-8

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Question
Answer
show Lifespan development  
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The primary topics of lifespan development research?   show
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The financial crisis of the 2010s will exert what type of effect on the cohort of children growing up during this period?   show
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Shalise believes that child development is a process of continuous change. Her classmate Evan says that development follows a pattern of discontinuous change. Who is correct?   show
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Erikson’s _____________ ____________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people.   show
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show skinner  
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show Cognitive perspective  
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Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?   show
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What is the key factor guiding developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?   show
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show Evolutionary perspective  
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show eclectic  
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A(n) ____________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.   show
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show Correlational  
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show A playground  
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show treatment group/control group  
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Each human parent contributes ______________ to the developing zygote   show
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show monozygotic twins  
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show 23rd  
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Most traits are governed by a combination of gene pairs rather than a single pair of genes. This is called __________.   show
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show Behavioral genetics  
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show Klinefelter’s syndrome  
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show ultrasound sonography  
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show temperament  
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show identical twins raised separately  
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show friendships with intelligent peers  
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show genes influencing the environment  
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The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________.   show
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show germinal  
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show in vitro fertilization  
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An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________.   show
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The use of a(n) ______________, which is designed to increase the size of the opening of the vagina, has fallen into disfavor in recent years and is diminishing in frequency.   show
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show The Bradley Method  
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show postmature  
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One factor in the increased reliance on Cesarean delivery in the United States is __________.   show
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In the United States, which of the following is a major reason for the high rate of infant mortality in African American births compared with White births?   show
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One of the major body rhythms, the degree of awareness to both internal and external stimulation, is known as an infant’s ______________.   show
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show 6  
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The following hormones play important roles in puberty?   show
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show osteoporosis  
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The method of defining how old a person is taking into account a person’s physical and psychological well-being is called ______________.   show
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show synaptic pruning  
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During the preschool years, __________ is completed in the hippocampus, an area of the brain associated with memory.   show
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show reflexes  
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Research has found that during middle childhood, __________   show
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show handedness  
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Very young infants who are breast-fed are better able to distinguish their mothers through the sense of __________ than bottle-fed infants.   show
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show depth perception  
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show abstract  
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The virtually universal decline in near vision in middle adulthood is called ______________.   show
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According to the peripheral slowing hypothesis, the increased reaction time of older people is attributable to changes in the ______________.   show
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show assessing the implications of a potentially stress-inducing event  
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show an increased emphasis on testing and homework  
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show Failure to exercise regularly  
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Unconscious strategies to distort or deny the seriousness of a potentially stressful situation or to insulate oneself from feeling its effects are called ______________.   show
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show problem-focused coping  
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show individuals refuse to eat  
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show genital warts  
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show calcium  
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The following chronic diseases begins to routinely affect people in middle adulthood?   show
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The Type B behavior pattern is characterized by ______________   show
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______________ is defined as a progressive brain disorder that produces memory loss and confusion.   show
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Which of the following statements about breast feeding is true?   show
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show For those who can—or choose to—enjoy it, sex contributes to wellness across the life span, a fact that applies to old age as well as to younger periods of life.  
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Which of the following 66-year-old women illustrates an environmental factor that may affect her susceptibility to serious illness ahead?   show
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It is estimated that between ______________ percent of elderly people do not have adequate nutrition in the United States.   show
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Piaget believed that the basic building blocks of our understanding of the world are mental structures called ____________, organized patterns of functioning that adapt and change with mental development.   show
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show goal-directed behavior  
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The knowledge that develops in the preschool years that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects is called ____________.   show
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show logical operations  
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_____________ is reasoning that allows adolescents to use abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples.   show
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show object permanence and conservation  
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show culture  
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show postformal  
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show dualistic  
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According to Schaie’s stages of cognitive development, young adults’ focus shifts from the future to the here-and-now as they enter the __________ stage.   show
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Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as the product of ____________.   show
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According to Vygotsky, ______________ establish the institutions that promote development by providing opportunities for cognitive growth.   show
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show scaffolding  
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show zone of proximal development  
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Vygotsky’s theory is sometimes criticized for overlooking how basic cognitive processes such as _________________ develop.   show
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show retrieval  
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show automatization  
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show short-term memory  
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show retrieval cues  
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Which of the following summarizes the key principle of information processing theories of development?   show
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The increasing ability as children age to tune into certain stimuli while tuning out of others is the result of the increasing ______________ that comes with age.   show
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In general, researchers believe that, compared to memory processing in adults, memory processing in young children is ______________.   show
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Recent memory research among infants, children, and adults shows that _____________.   show
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show a memory control strategy  
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Arletta used to believe that she could simply look at a group of vocabulary words once and remember them. Now she realized that she has to practice them. This is evidence that Arletta has developed ______________ skills.   show
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show false memories  
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When questioning children for legal purposes, the accuracy of their recollections can be improved by _____________.   show
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show making context-based guesses about word meanings  
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Which of the following is a critical thinking skill?   show
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One clear advantage of the information processing approach over the approaches of Piaget and Vygotsky is its ____________.   show
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show semantics  
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When two-year-old Helena says, “My socks on,” rather than “I put on my socks,” she is using _____________.   show
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In the months spanning their third birthday, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences, known as ________, doubles each month.   show
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___________ is the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with other.   show
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show metalinguistic awareness  
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The _______________ approach to language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning.   show
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show universal grammar  
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According to the __________________ , language development comes about through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances.   show
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show linguistic-relativity hypothesis  
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show thinking shapes language.  
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show basically similar across cultures.  
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show diminutives  
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show number and variety of words  
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show Immersion  
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show greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness  
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show a focus on linking intelligence with academic success  
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In the ______________, an orally administered test, young children may be asked questions about their everyday activities or asked to copy complex figures.   show
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Which of the following is an advantage of group-administered tests over individually administered tests?   show
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show reliability  
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When it comes to intelligence, some people say there is no substitute for experience. Which concept reflects this perspective?   show
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One advantage of measures of information processing in infants, such as speed of processing and visual recognition memory, over developmental measures is that information processing assessments   show
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show achievement  
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show students from urban communities  
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show crystallized intelligence remains steady.  
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One problem with using cross-sectional studies to investigate intelligence across different ages is that results may be skewed by   show
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According to the principles of ______________, children with special needs are taught in the regular classroom except in cases where their exceptionality would affect their learning.   show
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show can function independently and hold jobs.  
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show mild  
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Research on giftedness has found that gifted people tend to be ______________ than their non-gifted peers.   show
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show acceleration  
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Lifespan development examines patterns of growth, change, and _______________ in human behavior across the life span.   show
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Developmentalists who study the effects of home schooling on academic performance are examining _________________ development.   show
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Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago. Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago. When Robin and Grant meet in college, we can expect that in general they will   show
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show Critical versus sensitive periods  
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In the nature versus nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to   show
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show Psychodynamic  
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show behavioral  
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show schemes  
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Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of __________ ____________ between members of a culture.   show
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show evolutionary  
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show scientific method  
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____________ studies seek to identify whether an association or relationship exists between two factors.   show
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The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a(n) ____________.   show
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____________ is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge, whereas ____________ is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.   show
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A __________ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism.   show
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show behavioral genetics  
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__________ __________ is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.   show
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show miscarriage  
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_______________, defined as death within the first year of life, occurs in 6.17 out of 1,000 live births.   show
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show rhythms  
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Secondary sex characteristics are the ____________ that do not involve the sex organs directly.   show
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show one quarter  
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During the preschool period, a child’s ______________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the body.   show
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As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized in a process called ________________.   show
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The infant’s tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek is known as the ________________ reflex.   show
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Advances in gross motor skills are related to _______________ in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination.   show
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_________________ is an example of a fine motor skill that infants typically master within the first year.   show
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show multimodal  
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The ability of young infants to make fine discriminations between sounds is particularly important in the development of the ability to understand _____________.   show
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______________ is the field that studies the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors.   show
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Obesity is defined as weight greater than ______________ percent above the average for a given height.   show
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Physical declines brought about by an individual’s behavioral choices or environmental factors are referred to as ______________ aging.   show
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Which of the following is a psychological factor in determining a person’s susceptibility to serious illness as aging occurs?   show
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According to Piaget, ___________ is the process by which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking.   show
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show symbolic thought  
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One hallmark of the preoperational stage is _____________, thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others.   show
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Critics of Piaget note that his theory of cognitive development overlooks the _________________ systems that are present from early infancy.   show
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Research suggests Piaget may have erred in asserting that preschoolers have little understanding of ___________, as shown by their inability to grasp conservation and reversibility.   show
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____________ thinking takes into account that issues are not always clear-cut, and makes use of argument, counterargument, and debate.   show
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show reintegrative  
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Vygotsky believed that societal expectations about __________ play a role in how children come to understand the world.   show
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show zone of proximal development  
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According to the three-system model, the ______________ is the initial process by which information is very briefly held before further processing.   show
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The key difference between information processing and Piagetian approaches is that information processing approaches focus on ______________.   show
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Four-year-old Carla is engaged in playing with a toy truck, while her 10-year-old brother Vincent is wrapped up in a book. The truck and the book are said to be different ______________ stimuli for each child.   show
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show scripts  
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Compared with whole-language approaches to reading instruction, code-based approaches focus more on ______________.   show
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show identifying and questioning assumptions in statements  
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show phonemes  
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A mother who rewards a child for making a sound that approximates ma is an example of which perspective on language acquisition?   show
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The ______________ approach to language acquisition posits that children are born with the innate capacity to use language, which emerges as they mature.   show
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That the course of language development depends on the language to which a child has been exposed and the reinforcement the child receives for using language in a specific way is a key feature of the __________________ on language acquisition.   show
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The ___________________ hypothesis suggests that language provides categories that help children construct perceptions of people and events in their surroundings.   show
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show interdependent  
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The use of rising pitch, singsong intonation, repetitive sounds, and short, simple sentences are all characteristics of ____________.   show
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One characteristic of Alfred Binet’s classic work on intelligence testing that has survived to the present day is   show
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show selective optimization  
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According to professional classifications, an intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and   show
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