Chapters 9,6,11,12
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Three basic parts of a nucleotide are | Phosphate
deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base
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| The 2 strands of DNA are joined to each other or held together by | hydrogen bonding
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| Which of these are base paired correctly? C-T C-A G-T T-A | T-A
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| The 2 strands of the DBNA molecule are | antiparallel
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| The specific point on the DNA molecule where replication begins is the | origin of replication
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| Early in the process of DNA replication, the enzyme________ separates the 2 strands | helicase
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| DNA polymerase | requires a template for the synthesis of DNA
can only add nucleotides in a certain direction
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| If an organism lost the ability to make primase, what would it be unable to do? | add a short sequence of complementary RNA to the existing DNA strand
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| Two different mechanisms for copying the DNA strands are used because | the strands are oriented in opposite directions
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| On one of the strands of bacterial DNA, the new complementary strand is synthesized discontinuously into small pieces of DNA called | Okazaki fragments
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| One bacterial chromosome replicates to become 2 chromosomes with | each made of one strand of DNA from the original chromosome and one newly synthesized strand
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| A segment of DNA encoding a protein or an RNA molecule is a | gene
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| A __________ is the physical expression of the genes present and can change depending upon what genes are turned "on" | phenotype
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| Which nitrogenous base is NOT present in RNA | Thymine
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| Both DNA and RNA are usually double stranded molecules | FALSE
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| The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is _____ | transcription
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| The initial transfer RNA occupies the _____ on the ribosome | P site
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| _________ are groups of 3 bases in mRNA that specify one amino acid in the amino acid chain | Codons
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| If the codon GGU is positioned in the A site of the ribosome, what will occur? | a tRNA with the anticodon CCA will deliver its amino acid to the site
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| What usually terminates the process of translation | presence of a stop codon on mRNA
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| The bond connecting amino acids is a _________ bond | peptide
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| If you know the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA, you can deduce the DNA sequence it was transcribed from | True
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| What depicts the direction genetic info flows? | DNA--->RNA--->protein
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| Protein synthesis occurs on | ribosomes
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| Replication, transcription and translation take place in the bacterial cytoplasm | True
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| RNA is a chain of | nucleotides
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| What three components make up RNA structure? | phosphate, nitrogenous base, ribose sugar
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| What component of RNA is different from one individual or one bacterium to the next? | order of nitrogenous bases
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| The purpose of RNA synthesis is to provide a new copy of DNA as the original strand deteriorates over time | False
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| Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to __________ | promoter on DNA
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| If one strand of DNA contains the bases ACAGT, what would be the complementary bases on the mRNA strand | UGUCA
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| Synthesis of mRNA is | in the 5' to 3' direction with new nucleotides being added to the 3' end of mRNA molecule
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| What happens when a hairpin loop forms in mRNA? | the RNA polymerase and the mRNA dissociate from the DNA
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| The process of transcription is similar to | the synthesis of the leading strand during DNA replication
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| After mRNA is made, what generally occurs? | the mRNA is translated to protein
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| Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded. | True
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| The classic transformation experiment done by Griffith used | harmless and virulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae
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| Transformation is a form of recombination. Recombination is__________ | one bacterium donating DNA to another
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| In addition to transformation, the other 2 forms of horizontal gene transfer or recombination are | conjugation and transduction
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| In the beginning of transformation ________ binds to the target cell | double stranded DNA
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| During the entry of the donor DNA into the recipient cell | one strand is broken down by nucleases
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| The donor DNA | pairs with a homologous region o the recipient DNA
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| Mismatch repair is activated by | any difference between nucleotide sequence in the donor and recipient DNAs
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| As a result of mismatch repair during transformation | cells may have either original DNA or donor DNA in them
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| During the process of transformation in the lab setting, cells are plated on selective media to | make sure that only transformants grow
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| Cells that are capable of bringing DNA from their environment in through their cell wall are called | competent
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| Transformation is facilitated by | proteins on the cell wall that bind DNA from the environment
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| Central Dogma (newer version) | While information primarily flows from DNA to RNA to protein, some info from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role
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| An operon is composed of ________ | DNA
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| All structural genes in an operon code for proteins related to the same function | TRUE
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| Which part(s) of an operon will eventually be translated to protein? | Structural genes
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| If lactose is present, the operator of the lac operon is switched ____________ therefore, this is an example of a(n) ______operon. | on, inducible
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| Of all infectious agents, which group has the most variety of drugs designed to treat infections? | Bacteria
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| Antibiotics would be effective against which of these infections? | Cholera
genital warts
whooping cough
syphillis
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| Why do antiviral medications often have side effects? | Viruses are intracellular pathogens, and therefore there is often host cell damage with antiviral treatments.
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| Rather than developing more antiviral medications, what is a more common focus for researchers when it comes to viral diseases? | vaccine development
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| virus size large to small | E. coli
streptococcus
Rickettsia
Mimivirus
Rabies
Adenovirus
Yellow fever
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| multiplication cycle of RNA animal viruses | Adsorption
penetration-virus engulfed into vesicle
uncoating-viral envelope is shedded
synthesis
assembly
release
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| unique characteristics of viruses | -while viruses are not considered living, they cannot direct own multiplication but can direct the behavior of living cells
-have a nucleic acid genome, can be RNA or DNA, SS or DS
-species-specific and infect cells from all 5 kingdoms
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| During replication of the positive sense strand of lytic RNA phage, in order to make more positive | -the + RNA strand must code for the synthesis of RNA polymerase
-RNA replicase uses the + sense RNA as a template to make -strand RNA
-the - sense strand RNA is used to make more + strands
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| The negative sense strand of RNA is_____ | used to synthesize more + strands
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| A positive sense strand lytic RNA phage attaches to the cell wall of an E. coli bacterium | False
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| Phage induced lysozyme lyses the host cell releasing the newly made phage | True
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| A positive strand of RNA | can directly act as mRNA
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| Steps to the lytic cycle | adsorption
penetration
synthesis
assembly
Lysis
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| How are temperate phages replicated? | The phage is replicated along the host cell's genome
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| An infection in animals similar to a lysogeny in bacteria is called a ___________ infection. | persistent
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| The activation of a prophage to enter the lytic cycle is called _________. | induction
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| Both lytic and lysogenic cycles eventually lead to bacterial host cell damage | True
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| How does lysogeny affect humans | Bacteria can become virulent due to phage genes, causing greater damage to infected human host
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| Possible configurations of viral nucleic acids | single stranded DNA
Double stranded DNA-linear
double stranded DNA-circular
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| Microbial control methods-Physical | heat and radiation
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| microbial control methods-mechanical | filtration
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| microbial control methods-chemical | surfactants
halogens- ex: chlorine ---> which is sporicidal
H2O2---> high activity-sporicidal
phenolics--->ex: carbolic acid
alcohols
heavy metals-->ex: silver---> which is oligodynamic-sm amounts
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| halogens | Chlorine
Iodine- ex: betadine, penetrates cells and interferes w/protein synthesis, can also be extremely irritating to the skin and toxic when absorbed
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| Hydrogen peroxide | -3% solution is used as an antiseptic for skin and wound cleansing
-can be sporicidal in high concentrations
-highly toxic to cells because of free radical formation
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| ethylene oxide | used to disinfect delicate instruments and plastic materials
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| Phenolics | Triclosan is a member of this antimicrobial category
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| Chlorhexidine | -used in hand scrubs, prepping skin for surgery
-targets cellular membranes and denatures proteins
-popular hospital agent due to low toxicity and rapid action
-limited variable effects on fungi and viruses
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| aldehydes | VERY TOXIC, but used to disinfect surgical instruments
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| alcohol | -a 70% solution is best for denaturing microbial proteins
-evaporates quickly which lowers effectiveness
-ex: ethyl and isopropyl
-dissolves membrane lipids and decreases surface tension
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| detergents | disrupt cell membranes but only rated for low level disinfection
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| heavy metals | mercury and silver
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| The effectiveness of a particular microbial agent is governed by several factors besides _____ | time
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| The _______ of microbes affects the action of an agent, as does _______ of the population. | Number
composition
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| The ________ as well as the ______ level of the environment will also influence the action of microcidal agents | temperature
pH
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| The __________ of the agent as well as the _______________ against microbes also play a role in its ability inactivate microbes | concentration
mode of action
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| the presence of ________ matter, such as saliva and blood also inhibits the action of many microbicidal agents | organic
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| relative resistance of different microbial types from more to less | Protons
bacterial endospores
mycobacterium
staphylococcus and pseudomonas
protozoan cysts
protozoan trophozoites
most gram - bacteria
fungi and fungal spores
non enveloped viruses
most gram + bacteris
enveloped viruses
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| The use of radiation as a microbial control mechanism | -use of rad. to control microbial growth comes in 2 form
ionizing and nonionizing. ionizing is most destructive
-nonionizing rad, ex UV light causes electrons to mk a quantum leap to orbital w/ higher energy state, cause thymine dimers to form, no ions
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| destruction of ALL microbial life | Sterilization
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| destruction of most microbial life on inanimate surfaces | disinfection
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| destruction of most microbial life on living tissue | antisepsis
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| mechanical removal of most microbes from living or inanimate surfaces | decontamination
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| A chemical labeled as bactericidal will kill bacteria where as a chemical labeled as bacteriostatic will inhibit bacterial growth but will not kill them | true
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| Conjugation | donor-living cell w/f factor
recipient- living F-cell
direct
2 cells transfer DNA through hollow appendages
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| transformation | donor- Lysed cell
recipient- living competent cell
indirect
naked DNA is taken up through cell boundary
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| transduction | donor-dead cell lysed by phage
recipient-living cell infected with phage
indirect but with a vector
Bacteriophage transfers DNA between host cells
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| agents that will kill a microbial pathogen or completely inactivate its ability to cause disease | virucide
germicide
sporicide
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| betadine belongs to what group of chemical control agents | halogens
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| major cellular target of chemical antiseptics and disinfectants | cell wall
synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids
cytoplasmic membrane
cytoskeleton is NOT
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| sterile saline has sterilizing effects on the skin | false
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| DRY heat control of microbes | more time is required
-incineration ---> temps can reach 6000 degrees C
-oven----> sterilization takes 4 hours
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| MOIST heat control of microbes | less time required
-non-pressured steam
-boiling water---> disinfection---baby bottles and food
-pasteurization--->beverages----71.6 C for 15 seconds
-steam under pressure--->15 psi--- sterilizes on least time
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| Salting of meat prior to the development of refrigeration technology was an example of using osmotic pressure to control microbial spoilage of this food product | true
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| mechanism of drug resistance | drug inactivation--> drug is changed
decreased permeability--> drug can't ding its target
drug pumps---> drug enters but doesn't stay
alternate metabolic pathway---> drug binds correctly
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| Inhibition of virus entry | no infection
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| Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis | no viral DNA synthesis
no reverse transcription
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| Inhibition of viral assembly/release | no virions leave host cell
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| The goal of antimicrobial therapy is to deliver a drug that will destroy the _______ without harming the _______ | pathogen
host
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| An ideal antimicrobial drug is _________ rather than ____________ and is relatively soluble. | microbicidal
microbiostatic
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| An ideal drug remains potent long enough to act, but does not lead to the development of ____________ in microbial populations. | antimicrobial resistance
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| An effective drug assists the host's ______ and should not cause ______ or other infections. | defenses
allergies
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| An ideal drug should be readily delivered to the site of _________ in the host and overall the drug should be reasonably ________. | infection
priced
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| methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that can be used to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) | Etest
Tube dilution test
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| Antibiotics other than Beta-lactam drugs, that also inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis | vancomycin
Isoniazid
Bacitracin
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| Viruses are able to multiply inside a non-living cell | False
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| Individual viral particles have only one type of nucleic acid | True
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| Cells that lack compatible virus receptors are resistant to infection by that virus | True
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| What is the function of the reverse transcriptase enzyme | synthesizes DNA from RNA
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| superinfection | occurs due to the overgrowth of other potentially pathogenic microbes during or after initial antimicrobial therapy
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| drugs that are designed against which target are likely to have the least selectivetoxicity | cell membrane
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| antimicrobial that has the broadest spectrum of activity | tetracycline
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| your microbiome is most susceptible to changes when taking a _______ spectrum antimicrobial | broad
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| Which microbial group is the easiest to selectively target with antimicrobials | bacteria
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| BAsed on Kirby Bauer testing, a microbe is susceptible to antibiotic X and Y. X has Therapeutic Index 10 and Y Index of 3. Which would be the best choice based on the info given? | Antibiotic X
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| Bacteria have as much genetic information as Eukaryotes | False
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| PLasmids are necessary for the metabolism of bacteria | False
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| What are the main types of plasmids? Why are they medically relevant? | F plasmids transferred through F pilus
R plasmid for resistance
important for antibiotic resistance
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| DNA replication in prokaryotes is bidirectional, whereas in eukaryotes it is not | True
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| Bacteria have _____ origin of DNA replication, whereas eukaryotes have ________ | 1
multiple (bubbles)
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| What enzyme uses complimentary binding to replicate DNA? RNA? | Polymerase
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| Making mRNA from DNA template is called _________ whereas using tRNA, and ribosomes to make mRNA into a chain of amino acids is called _______ | transcription
translation
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| Prokaryotic mRNA is _________, meaning that many genes are transcribed and translated at once. | polycistronic
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| Bacteria utilize alternative splicing in their cells to create alternative versions of proteins. | False
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| Every species on earth essentially uses the same genetic code for codon ----> amino acid pairing | True
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| Bacterial transcription and translation is more efficient than in eukaryotes | Don't want interruption of our cells
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| Antibiotics that interrupt bacterial protein synthesis can also affect eukaryotic cells | False, can make multiple transcriptions
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| What are the three important features of an operon? | promoter
operator
structural genes
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| What event triggers induction of the lac operon? | lactose
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| The presence of tryptophan represses the trp operon | True
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| Describe the difference between an inducible and a repressible operon | inducible is turned on
repressible is turned off
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| What is the difference between positive and negative regulation? | positive is controlled by an activation and negative is controlled by a repressor
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| What are the three ways that bacteria horizontally share genes? | Bacterial transformation
bacterial transduction
bacterial conjugation
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| What is the difference between F factor transfer and Hfr transfer? | F-pilus complete genome
oilus Hf is interrupted before DNA transfer
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| A cell must be ________ in order to be transformed. | competent
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| A bacterium is considered a recombinant if it has new genes, even if they aren't expressed | False
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| __________ are involved in transduction. | Bacterial phages
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| ___________ transduction involved the transfer of one specific gene, not a random one. | specialized
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| What is a pathogenecity island? | stretch of genes that pass on to be pathogenic
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| A spontaneous mutation arises from exposure to chemicals or physical agents | True
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| A ______________ mutation results in a stop codon and a nonfunctional protein. | nonsense
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| Mutations are always harmful to organisms | False
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| Mutations, once they happen are permanent | True
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| On an evolutionary scale, why are mutations and genetic diversity important? | mutations are changes to an organism's DNA and are important driver of diversity in populations
mutation has introduce a new allele into the population that increase genetic variation and may be passed on to the next generation
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| Viruses can be seen with a light microscope | False
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| Viruses are alive | False
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| Viruses have no internal ______________, and are instead simply infectious particles that contain, at minimum, __________ and ______ | metabolic process
nucleic acid
proteins
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| Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections | True
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| Viral mutation rates are low and viruses are easy to track in a population | False
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| Viral capsids are constructed from ________ subunits | capsomers
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| What shapes do capsids come in? | complex
helical
isocahedral
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| List 3 forms of viral nucleic acid | dsDNA
ssRNA
ssDNA
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| What is an envelope? | surrounds the capsid and is part of the membrane
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| Standard virus classification systems use the following: | genetic makeup
structure
disease caused
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| A virus name ending in -viridae denotes a viral | family
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| List and describe the main steps of animal virus replication | adsorption
penetration
uncoding
synthesis
assembly
release
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| What is the difference between DNA virus replication and RNA virus replication? | RNA is in cytoplasm and DNA has to be transcribed
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| Viruses that infect animal cells can never infect human cells | False
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| Describe the main difference between the lytic and lysogenic phase of viral replication | Lytic destroys cell
Lysogenic stays dormant and can be turned on to the lytic stage
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| The term plaques is only used to describe the effects of bacteriophage on cell cultures | False-all viruses produce plaques
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| What is a prion? | -common feature of spongiform encephalopathies
-distinct protein fibrils deposited in brain tissue of affected animals
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| ____________ is disinfection on a living surface | antisepsis
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| Which should be more "harsh" or work better: antisepsis or sanitization? | antisepsis
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| order of most resistant to least resistant | endospores
mycobacteria
protozoan cysts
fungal spores
gram + bacteria
enveloped viruses
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| Describe the difference between a bactericidal agent and a bacteriostatic agent | bactericidal means killing of bacteria
bacteriostatic means limiting the growth of bacteria
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| List and describe four factors that affect microbial death rate | number of bacteria
population
type of microbial growth
temp and pH
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| What are the four cellular targets of physical and chemical agents | cell wall
cell membrane
cellular processes
proteins
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| Lower temperatures can be used with dry heat than moist heat | False
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| The lowest temp required to kill all of the microbes in a sample in 10 minutes is the _________________ | thermal death point
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| Cold merely retards the growth of most microbes. | True
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| Filtration is not a method of sterilization. | False
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| Ultraviolet radiation produces _______ dimers that affect growth by causing ________ | pyrimidine
absorption
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| Osmotic pressure achieves sterilization. T/F | False
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| Describe 4 desirable qualities of a germicide. | -rapid action in low concentration
-solubility in water or alcohol and long term stability
-penetration of inanimate surfaces to sustain a cumulative or persistent action
-broad spectrum microbial action without toxicity to human and animal tissues
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| Describe 3 factors that affect the actions of a germicide | number of microbes
how contaminated is it
time of exposure
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| The most extensively used of all chlorine compounds is _________ | Bleach
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| Phenol is still extensively used as a disinfectant | False
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| A higher concentration of alcohol is more effective than a lower concentration | True
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| List 2 acids used in food preservation | lactic acid
ascorbic acid
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| Describe 4 characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug | not toxic to the host
microbicidal
not resistant
potent long enough to effectively work and not broken down
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| The _________ test shows antimicrobial susceptibility using large agar plates, a bacterial lawn, and antibiotic-infused discs. | Kirby Bauer
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| Each species of bacteria has the same susceptibility to a particular drug | False
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| Identification of the species of bacteria in an infection is necessary to accurately determine antibiotic susceptibility. | True
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| An antibiotic with a therapeutic index of 4 is less toxic than one with a therapeutic index of 40 | False
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| Microbial susceptibility is the only factor in choosing the right drug. | False
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| Describe some adverse reactions to antimicrobials. | allergic reaction
diarrhea
nausea/vomitting
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| The ____________ account for the greatest number of drug allergies. | Penicillin
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| Overgrowth of certain microbes due to antibiotic therapy that cause infection is known as __________. | Superinfection
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| The type of drug that inhibits cell wall synthesis is a _________ drug. Describe how it works. | Beta-Latam
inhibition of cell wall synthesis and target the penicillin binding proteins
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| An antibiotic that acts on the bacterial cell wall will have little effect on a human cell. | True
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| Describe some ways that protein synthesis inhibitors might work | -incorrect amino acid insertion
-block movement of RNA
-attack one or both subcomponents of the 70s, 50s, or 30s ribosomes
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| An antibiotic that acts on the bacterial ribosome will have no effect on a human cell. | False
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| The least selectively toxic antibiotics are | ones that target the cell wall and
folic acid synthesis
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| Antifungal and antihelminthic drugs can be toxic to human cells | True
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| What are some targets of antifungal? | membrane function
tubal formation
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| Generally, how do anti-protozoan and anti-helminth drugs work? | inhibit function of the microtubules
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| There are as many antiviral drugs as there are antibiotics? | False
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| What are three ways can we target viruses? | barring penetration
blocking transcription
preventing maturation
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| What are some ways we can selectively target HIV replication? | reverse transcriptase
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| Bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics without ever encountering the drug | True
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| List and describe the 5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance | -new enzymes are synthesized
-permeability or uptake of the drug into a bacterium is decreased
-drug is immediately eliminated
-binding sites for drug are decreased in number
-an affected metabolic pathway is shut down
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| What are the current drugs of last resort? |
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| What is a superbug? | a strain of bacteria that has become resistant to antibiotic drugs
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| Many antibiotics prescribed to humans are for viral infections . | True
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| Nearly 80% of all antibiotics in the U.S. are given to ____________ | livestock
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| ___________ are a novel treatment that have been used to target specific bacteria and effectively treat bacterial infections. | Phages
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
vtlove116
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