Comparative Physiology USD Fall 2018 Dr. Kenneth Renner
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| All cells have a _________ __________ across the membrane. | resting potential
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| What are the 4 factors that create the potential differences across a membrane? | cheical factors, membrane properties, electrical factors, and ionic pumps
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| How does chemical factors play a role in membrane potential? | concentration differences in ions across the membrane creates concentration gradients
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| How do membrane properties play a role in membrane potential? | the semi-permeability of membranes allows specific substances across the membrane, but not others
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| How does electrical factors play a role in membrane potential? | ions have different charges and create electrical gradients across membranes
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| How do ionic pumps play a role in membrane potential? | ionic pumps redistribute ions and charge across the membrane to keep gradients from degrading
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| Define: diffusion | the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
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| Diffusion is a random _______ derived movement until solute is evenly distributed | thermally
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| once even distribution is reached, net movement is ______. | zero
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| larger molecules will move _________ and meet _______ resistance. | slower, more
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| Define: permeability | how easily a solute can cross the membrane
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| How could someone increase the diffusion across a membrane? | increase permeability, increase the area of the membrane, decrease the thickness
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| What are the five factors that net diffusion depend on? | 1. difference in solute concentration
2. permeability
3. thickness of the membrane
4. area of the membrane
5. molecular weight
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| What is the equation for diffusion? | Q=DELTAC*P*A/MW* DELTA X
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| What is the driving force for diffusion? | concentration gradient
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| Define: osmosis | diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane along it's concentration gradient
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| The presence of solutes _______ the concentration of water. | decreases
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| What drives osmosis? | hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
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| When does an osmotic system reach equilibrium? | when hydrostatic pressure counteracts the osmotic pressure
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| Define: Tonicity | relationship between solute concentrations between compartments
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| Nonelectrolytes such as glucose _______ dissociate. | do not
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| Define: isotonic | same concentrations inside and outside the cell
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| Define: hypotonic | less solute inside the cell (more water)
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| Define: hypertonic | more solute inside the cell (less water)
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| What are 4 key membrane properties of a cell? | 1. channels for K+ diffusion
2. minimal Na+ diffusion
3. impermeable to proteins
4. unequal ion distribution
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| The inside of the cell is typically _____. | negative
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| The outside of the cell is typically ____. | positive
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| How do ions move across the cell? | through specialized protein channels that are selective for a given ion
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| What equation derives the equilibrium potential of an ion that is unequally distributed across a semipermeable membrane in relation to electrical and chemical forces? | ZFE=-2.3RTlog[ci/co]
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| What component of the equilibrium equation is the elctrical force? | ZFE
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| What component of the equilibrium equation is the chemical forces | 2.3RTlog[ci/co]
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| What is the nerst equation | E=61mV/z(logco/ci)
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| What does the Na-K pump maintain? | ion gradiants
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| Na-K pump functions by ______ transport. | active
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| Na-K pump operates ______ [gradients] | against
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| Na=K pumps are ______. | selective
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| What can pumps be blocked by? | specific inhibitors
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| What are membrane proteins composed of? | 2 subunits
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| What is the alpha subunit of membrane proteins? | catalytic subunit
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| what is th beta subunit of membrane proteins? | glycoprotein
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| What happens in the presence of Na+ ? | ATP binds to the catalytic subunit and the Na+ binds to the catalytic protein
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| What happens after Na+ binds to the catalytic protein? | ATP is hydolyzed to ADP which induces a conformational change.
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| What happens after ADP is hydrolyzed and the conformational change is induced? | Na+ is transported outward with a Mg2+ cofactor
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| What happens in the presence of K+? | Pi is released from the catalytic subunit
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| What happens after Pi is released form the catalytic subunit? | K+ is transported inward as the protein returns to it's original conformation
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| What is the net exchange of charges in the Na-K pump? | +1 charge from inside
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| for every ___ K+ in, __ Na+ out. | 2, 3
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| define: electrogenic | unequal idstribution of charge transported
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| What is oubain? | competitive inhibitor of the k+ binding site
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