How the Nervous System Works
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| Sigmund Freud | His theory of the meaning of dreams was deemed by some psychologists to be an unsuccessful theory because it did not lead to many testable hypotheses.
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| Cerebral Cortex | -Divided into 4 sections
-Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, and Temporal Lobe
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| Frontal Lobe | -Located at the front of the brain
-Associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition, and expressive language
-Damage can lead to increased risk taking.
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| Parietal Lobe | -Located at the middle section of the brain
-Associated with processing tactile sensory information
-Damage can lead to problems with verbal memory
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| Temporal Lobe | -Located on the bottom section of the brain
-Important for interpreting sounds and the language we hear.
-Hippocampus located here
-Damage can lead to speech/memory problems
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| Occipital Lobe | -Located at the back of the brain
-Associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information
-Damage can cause visual problems.
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| 3 major components of the brain: | Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Brainstem
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| Brainstem | Controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, and other autonomic processes as well as connecting the brain with the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
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| Cerebellum | Plays an important role in balance but also involved with attention.
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| Cerebrum (Forebrain) | -Makes up 75% of the brain
-Divided into 2 hemispheres
-Cerebral Cortex
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary Gland
-90% of all brain neurons are located here
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| Plasticity | A property that allows the brain to change as a result of experience, drugs, or injury.
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| Neurons | -Cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit signals.
-3 types: sensory, motor, and interneurons.
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| 2 Main nervous systems | Central and peripheral
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| Afferent Neurons | -Sensory
-Transmit impulses from the periphery toward the central nervous system.
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| Efferent Neurons | -Motor
-Carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to muscles.
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| Parts of a Neuron | Dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath
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| Dendrites | Branches that detect information from other neurons.
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| Cell Body (Soma) | Collects/processes information from other neurons.
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| Axon | Long tube that carries electrical signals from the cell body to terminal buttons.
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| Myelin Sheath | Fatty covering that insulates axon, speeding up the signal.
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| Resting Membrane Potential | -Charge of the neuron when it's not active.
-Negative charge
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| Sodium and Potassium | Ions maintain the resting membrane potential via ion channels.
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| Action Potential | Changes in neurons electrical charge.
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| Resting Membrane Potential | -Cell is polarized
-Negative Charge
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| Depolarization | -Sodium rushes into the cell.
-Cell is positively charged.
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| Repolarization | -Potassium rushes out of cell.
-Cell has a negative charge.
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| All-Or-None Principle | Neurons fire with the same potency every time they fire -- can't partially fire.
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| Synapse | Space between neurons.
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| Neurotransmitters | Released chemicals that bind with receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron.
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| Lock and Key Analogy | Only certain neurotransmitters bind with certain receptors.
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| Pre-Synaptic | The one that releases a neurotransmitter in response to an action potential.
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| Post-Synaptic | One that receives the neurotransmitter.
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| Types of Neurotransmitters | Serotonin, Dopamine, and Acetylcholine
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| Serotonin | Function: regulates emotional states and impulses
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| Dopamine | Function: reward and motivation. Motor control over voluntary movement.
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| Acetylcholine | Function: Motor control over muscles - learning and memory.
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| Genetics | How traits, such as height or eye color, are passed to offspring.
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