OCR Yr12 Biology A 3.1.2 Mammalian gaseous exchange system
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| Alveoli | Tiny folds of lung epithelium.
Increase surface area.
Found in clusters at the end of the smallest bronchioles.
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| Bronchi | Branching from trachea, smaller airways leading into each lung.
Supported by rings of cartilage which prevent collapse during inspiration.
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| Diaphragm | Layer of muscle beneath the lungs.
During inspiration it contracts, flattens and pushes digestive organs downwards.
During expiration it relaxes and is pushed upwards by digestive organs.
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| External intercostal muscles | Muscles between ribs.
Contract during inspiration raising ribs
Relax during expiration, lowering them.
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| Internal intercostal muscles | Can contract during expiration to help push air out more forcefully.
During exercise, coughing or sneezing.
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| Trachea | Main airway from back of the mouth to the lungs.
Supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage.
Prevents collapse during inspiration.
Allows flexibility for food to move down the oesophagus.
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| Bronchioles | Much narrower airways leading into the lungs from the bronchi.
Larger ones with cartilage, smaller without.
Walls are mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibres.
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| Ventilation | The refreshing of air in the lungs to maintain a high oxygen and low carbon dioxide concentration compared with the blood.
Process brought about by the action of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
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