Optics
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| What is Accommodation? | The ability of one eye to change focus for objects viewed at different distance.
-for each unit dipper of accommodation exerted, a given amount of convergence also occurs. 33cm 6m
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| What is Diopter? | A unite of measurement of the power of a prism. 1 diopter brings parallel rays of light to focus at a distance of 1 meter.
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| What is Refractive Error? | A condition where parallel rays of light entering the eye do not come to a focus properly on the retina.
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| What is Emmetropia? | Normal refractive error.
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| what is Hyperopia? | Farsightedness (hypermetropia) lights come in focus BEHIND the eye. (globe is smaller then average).
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| what is Myopia? | Nearsightedness lights come in focus IN FRONT of the eye. (globe is usually bigger then average).
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| what is Astigmatism? | Prevents lights from coming into a single focus on the retina because of different degrees of the retraction in various meridians of the eye.
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| what is Anisometropia? | Refractive error of the eye is unequal.
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| what is Mydriasis? | Enlargment (dilation) of the pupils. happens in dark or when using certain pharmacological agents.
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| what is Miosis? | Constriction of the pupil. occurs when accommodating, bright light stimulus, or certain pharmacological agents.
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| what is Nystagmus? | eyes make short, rhythmic movements when they should be static.
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| what is Ptosis? | Drooping or abnormal closure of the eye lids.
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| what is Abduction? | Rotation of the eye outward (toward the temple)
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| what is Adduction? | rotation of the eye inward towards the nose.
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| what is Bielschowsky heads tilt test? | a diagnostic test used to identify the weak muscle in cases where a vertical deviation its present.
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| what is Bifoveal fixation? | a state in which the object of regard is imaged on both foveae at the same time given rise to binocular single vision.
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| what is Binocular single vision? | the ability to use both eyes together to see objects as one.
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| what is Conjugate movements (versions)? | movement of both eyes in the same direction. > > or << or ^^ etc.
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| what is Convergence? | movements of both eyes towards the midline. > <
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| what is Depression? | movement of both eyes downwards.
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| what is diplopia? | Double vision.
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| what is Disjugate movements (vergences)? | movements of the two eyes in opposite directions, as in covariance and divergence. (>)(<) (<) (>)
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| what is dissociation? | disruption of fusion.
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| what is divergence? | Disjunctive movements of bOTH eyes away from the midline. (<) (>)
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| what is elevation? | movement of both eyes upward (^)(^)
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| what is emmetropia? | No refractive error.
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| what are the 6 extraocular muscles? | medical rectus,
lateral rectus
superior rectus
inferior rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
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| what are the primary and secondary actions for medical and lateral rectus? | medical rectus
primary: adduction secondary none
lateral rectus
primary: abduction secondary none
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| what are the primary and secondary actions for the superior and inferior rectus? | superior rectus
primary: elevation secondary: intorsion, adduction
inferior rectus
primary: depression secondar: extorsion, adduction
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| what are the primary and secondary actions for the superior and inferior obliques? | superior oblique
primary: intorsion secondary: depression, abduction
inferior oblique
primary: extorsion secondary: elevation,abduction
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| what is a fixation point? | the object of attention or object of regard.
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| what is fixing eye? | the straight eye, the eye that looks at the object of regard.
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| what is the fovea and where is it located? | The fovea is is the area of the retina that has the capability of most distinct vision. Located in the center of the macula.
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| what is fusion? | the mental ability to blend two similar images (one formed on each retina) and perceive them as one.
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| what is Heterophora (phoria)? | a deviation that is present only when fusion is disrupted, a LATENT deviation.
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| what is hyperdeviation? | it is upward deviation of ONE eye.
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| what is heterotropia (tropia)> | a misalignment of the visual axes as in esoTROPIA or exoTROPIA, a MANIFEST deviation.
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| what is hyperopia? and what type of lens do we use to correct for it? | farsightedness, the rays of light come a focus behind the eye. Corrected with a CONVEX (plus) lens. (_)
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| what is hypodeviation? | downward deviation of ONE eye.
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| true or false | constant (tropic ) intermitten, or latent (phoric)
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| what type of deviations can there be? | eso- exo- hyper- hypo- and they can all be constant, or intermittent, or latent deviation.
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| whats intorsion? | wheel like rotation of the eyes moves towards the midline.
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| what is extorsion? | wheel like rotation of the eyes moves away from the midline.
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| what is miosis? | contraction of the pupil as normally occurs when accommodating or stimuli to bright lights can also be pharmacologically induced.
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| what is mydriasis? | enlargement of the pupil as normally occurs when its dark or when certain pharmacologically are used.
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| what is myopia and what type of lens do we use to correct for it? | Nearsightedness, rays of light come to focus in front of the eye. we correct this by using a CONCAVE (minus) lens. )_(
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| what is nystagmus? | A condition in which the eyes make short, rhythmic movements while they normally should be static
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| what is occlusion? | a method of patching one eye to insure use of the other eye.
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| what is the name of the right eye? | Oculus Dexter (OD)
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| what is the name of the left eye? | Oculus Sinster (OS)
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| what is the name for both eyes together? | Oculi Unitas (OU)
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| what is Orthophoria? | Straight eyes, the normal position of eyes.
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| what is Paralysis? | The complete inability of an extraocular muscle to act.
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| whats the straight ahead position of the eyes called? | Primary position.
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| what three cranial nerves supply innervation to the extraocular muscles? | 3rd cranial nerve : Oculomotoer nerve
4th CN: Trochlear nerve
6th CN : Abducens nerve
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| where does the 3rd CN Oculomotor enter the eye? What does the 3rd CN Oculomotor nerve do for the eye? | It enters the orbit via the superior orbital fissure and innervates muscles that enable most movements of the eye and that raise the eyelid.
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| What eye muscles does the 3rd CN innervate? | inferior rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae.
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| What does the 4th CN, trochlear nerve, do for the eye and what muscle does it innervate? | motor nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle which operates through the pulley-like trochlea to which allows it to have the intorsion, abduction, and depression movements.
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| What does the 6th CN do for the eye muscles, and what muscle does it innervate? | The abducens nerve is a nerve that controls the movement of the lateral rectus muscle, responsible for outward gaze.
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| what are paired primary movers called? | Yoke muscles, which when paired produce coordinated movements in the 8 cardinal gazes.
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| what are we testing when we test yoke muscles? | Version testing. (elevation depression in both eyes. )
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