Chapters 12-16
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| family (Chapter 12) | set of people related by blood, marriage or other agreed upon relationship, or adoption, who share primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
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| nuclear family | married couple and unmarried children living together
serves as nucleus or core
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| extended family | family in which relatives live in the same home as parents and children
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| monogamy | form of marriage in which an individual has 1 partner
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| serial monogamy | when a person has several spouses in his or her lifetime
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| polygamy | when a person has several husbands and wives at the same time
5 countries in Africa practice this
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| Polygyny | man married to more than one women (common)
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| polyandry | woman married to more than one husband
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| kinship | state of being related to others
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| bilateral descent | both sides of person's family is equally important
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| patrilineal descent | only father's relatives are important
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| matrilineal descent | only the mother's relative are important
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| patriarchy | males are expected to dominate in all family decision making
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| matriarchy | women have greater authority than men
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| egalitarian family | family in which spouses are equals
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| Friedrich Engels | believed that family is the ultimate source of social inequality due to its roles in transfer of power, property, and privilege
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| Functionalist perspective on family (William F Ogburn) | 6 functions/ roles of family
reproduction
protection
socialization- social stability
regulation of sexual behavior
affection and companionship
provision of social status
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| Conflict perspective on family | family reflects inequality in wealth and power
argued that family contributes to societal injustice
denies women opp that are extended to men
husbands exercise power and authority
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| Interactionist perspective on family | micro level of family and other intimate relationships
individuals interact with each other
role of step parent
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| feminist perspective on family (Velma McBride Murray) | interest in family as social institution
women's work outside home is impacted
dual income households in which wife earns higher income
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| endogamy | specifies groups WITHIN which spouse must be found
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| exogamy | requires mate selection OUTSIDE certain groups, usually family or certain kin
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| incest taboo | social norm common to societies prohibiting sexual relationships between certain relationships
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| homogamy | select mate with similar characteristics to own
like marries like
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| lower class | families likely to have 1 parent
children have adult responsibilities
women play significant role in family's economic support
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| Machismo (Mexican culture) | sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness
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| familism (Mexican culture) | pride in extended family
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| 4 factors complicate transition to adulthood | -little anticipatory socialization for caregiver role
-limited learning during preganancy
-abrupt transition to parenthood
-lack of clear guidelines for successful parenthood
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| adoption | transfer of legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to new legal parent or parents
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| functionalist perspective on adoption | gov has strong interest in encouraging adoption
offers stable environment for children
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| interactionist perspective on adoption | may require child to adjust to very different family environment and parental approach
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| single parent families | only one parent present to care for children
84% are mothers
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| stepfamilies | nature of blended families has social significance for adults and children
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| factors associated with divorce | -more liberal divorce laws
-fewer children
-increase in family income
-freater op for women
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| When did same sex marriage get passed | 2015
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| cohabitation | practice of living together as male-female couple without marrying
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| functionalists view on family leave | is important as means of facilitating parent child interaction crucial to socialization
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| interactionist view on family leave | policy impact on everyday relations at work and at home
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| conflict view on family view | inherent class bias in family leave policy in U.S.
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| flexibility stigma | devaluation of workers who seek or presumed to need flexible work arrangements
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| secularization (Chapter 13) | religions influence on other social institutions
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| education | process of socialization
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| religion ( Emile Durkeim) | unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
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| transmitting culture (functionalist) | exposing young people to existing beliefs, norms, and values of their culture
gov uses education to shape culture; some forcefully
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| promoting social and political integration (functionalist) | common identity and social integration fostered by education contributes to societal stability and consensus
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| maintaining social control (Functionalist) | schools teach students discipline, punctuality and responsibility
direct and restrict students' aspirations
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| serving as an agent of change (functionalist) | lifetime earnings= # of formal schooling
formal schooling is also openness to new ideas, liberal and political viewpoints
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| hidden curriculum (Conflict) | standards of behavior deemed proper and taught subtly
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| credentialism (conflict) | increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field
may reinforce social inequality
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| bestowal of status (conflict) | education can distribute members among variations positions by sorting people in levels and courses of study
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| tracking (conflict) | practice of placing student in certain curriculum groups based on test scores and other criteria
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| correspondence principle (conflict) | promotes values expected of individuals in each social class
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| feminist view on education | -sterotypes in textbooks
-pressure on women to study traditional women's subject
-unequal funding for athletics
-bias in employment of teachers
women increasingly continue schooling
plays significant role in a nation's economic development
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| interactionist view on education | teacher-expectancy effect/ impact of teacher expectations about a student on student's actual achievements
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| Max Weber's characteristics of bureaucracy | -div of labor/teach particular age levels and specific subjects
-hierarchy of authority/ each school sys responsible to a higher authority
-written rules and regulations/ conform to rules and regulations
-impersonality
-employment based on tech qual
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| student subcultures | complex and diverse
high school cliques and social groups
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| 4 student subcultures | collegiate-having fun and socializing
academic-intellectual concerns of facility and values knowledge
vocational-career prospects and views college as advancement
nonconformist-hostile to college environ. seeks ideas
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| homeschooling | 1.7 million
quality control on issue
parents tend to have higher than average incomes and education
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| religion (Durkeim) | unified systems of beliefs and practices
norms and values of religious faith through substantive beliefs
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| sacred | elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, fear
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| profane | includes ordinary and commonplace
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| world religions (84 %) | christanity-largest faith
islam-second
Judaism-forms historical foundation for Christianity and islam
Hinduism-embraces number of gods and recarnation
Buddhism-developed as reaction against Hinduism, uses meditation to overcome selfish cravings
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| manifest functions | open and stated functions
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| latent functions | unintended, covert, or hidden functions
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| Emile Durkheim | viewed religion as an integrative force in human society
seen in immigrant groups
dysfunctional, contributing to tension and conflict
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| Protestant ethic | followers of Protestant reformation on disciplined work ethic, thi-worldly concerns, and rational orientation for life
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| liberation theology | use of church in political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination
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| Karl Marx (conflict) religion and social control | opiate of oppressed people
false consciousness among disadvantaged
promotion of social stability only helps patterns of social inequal
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| feminist perspective on religion | generally take subordinate role in religious governance
play vital role as volunteers, staff, and education
more likely than men to be affiliated with religion
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| components of religion | religious beliefs-statements to which members of a religion adhere
religious rituals-practices required or expected of members
religious experience- feeling or perception of being in direct contact with ultimate reality/ born again
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| fundamentalism | doctrinal conformity and literal interpretation of sacred texts
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| ecclesia | Lg, religious org claiming to include most or all members of society
islam in Saudi Arabia
Buddhism in Thailand
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| denomination | Lg, organized religion not officially linked w/state or gov
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| sects | small religious group that broke away from some other religious org to renew orginal vision of faith
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| established sect | outgrowth of a sect that remains isolated
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| New religious movement or cult | small, secretive religious group that rep either new religion or major innovation of an existing faith
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| charter schools | experimental schools developed and managed by individuals, groups of parents, or educational management
2.6 million enrolled in 42 different states
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| functionalist view on charter schools | serve diverse student body
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| conflict view on charter schools | not unionized and so not represent teachers' interests well
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| Economic System (Chapter 14) | social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed
shape other aspects of social order
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| political system | social institution founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals
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| industrial society | society that depends on mechanization to produce its good and services
capitalism
socialism
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| capitalism | economic system in which means of production are held largely in private hands
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| Laissez-faire | businesses compete with minimal gov intervention
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| monopoly | exists when a single firm controls the market
conflict-not basic element of the economy
free enterprise system
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| socialism (Karl Marx) | means of production and distribution owned collectively rather than privately owned
socialist countries all have ins
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| communism | economic sys under which all prop is communally owned and no social distinctions are made
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| ideal types of economic systems | socialism and capitalism
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| informal economy | transfer of money, goods or services not reported to the gov
difficult to measure
functionalist contends and contributes to the rise of informal
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| power (max weber) | ability to exercise one's will over others
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| sources of power in political systems | force-actual or threatened
influence-persuasion
authority-power recognized by the people
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| ideal types of authority | traditional-custom and accepted practice (king and queen)
rational-legal/ made legitimate by law
Charismatic-by leader's exceptional personal and emotional appeal
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| monarchy | form of gov headed by a single member of a royal family
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| oligarchy | form of gov in which a few individuals rule
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| dictatorship | gov in which one person has nearly total power to mk and enforce laws
ex: democracy and monarchy
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| totalitarianism | involves virtually complete gov control and surveillance over all aspects of a society's social and political life
ex: monarchies and oligarchies
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| democracy | gov by the people
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| representative democracy | certain individuals elected to speak for the people
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| aspects of political system taken for granted by | bill of rights
2 major political parties
secret ballot
elected president
distinct state and local gov
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| race and gender in politics | inclusion of minority groups in gov has been slow
female politicians enjoying more free electoral success
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| elite model | society ruled by sm group of individuals who share common set of political and economic interests
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| Mills model (C. Wright Mills) | believed economic power
coordinate their maneuvers with military and political
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| power elite | sm ruling elite of military, industrial, and gov leaders
few members and operates as a self conscious
global power elite ongoing
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| Domhoff's Model | stresses roles played by elites of corp community and leaders of policy formation gov
power elite still consists mainly or older white males
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| 2 coalitions of Power elite | -corp conservative
-liberal-labor
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| pluralist model | competing groups within community hv access to gov, so no single group can dominate
make use of intensive case studies
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| Robert Dahl | number of people in any important decisions was small
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| war | conflict between org that possess trained combat forces equipped w/deadly weapons
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| 3 sociological approaches on war | -global view/how and why nations become engaged in military combat
-nation-state view/ interaction of internal political, socioeconomic and cultural forces
-micro view/ focuses on social impact on individuals and their groups
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| peace | both absence of war and proactive effort to develop cooperative relations among nations
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| global peace index | U.S. ranks 94 on list of 162
top is very peaceful and bottom is great civil unrest
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| terrorism | use or threat of violence against random or symbolic targets in pursuit of political aims
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| affirmative action | positive efforts to recruit minority group members
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| color blind racism | principle of race neutrality to defend a racially unequal status quo
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| changing workforce | constantly changing
increasingly composed of women and racial and ethnic minorities
52% expected to be women
more diverse workforce
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| deindustrialization | systematic, widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity
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| downsizing | reductions in a company's workforce as part of deindustrialization
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| sharing economy | connecting owners of underused assets w/others willing to pay to use them
lyft, uber, airbnb
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| precarious work | employment that is poorly paid , and from worker's perspective insecure and unprotected
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| offshoring | transferring work to foreign contractors
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| conflict theorists on offshoring | this aspect of globalization furthers social inequalities
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| microfinancing (Muhummad Yunnis) | lendinf sm sums of money to poor so they can work their way out of poverty
women comprise 83 % microcredit
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| critics | creation of small home based industries reduces demand for formal employment
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| health (Chapter 15) | state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
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| functionalist perspective on health | being sick/must be controlled so that not too many people are released from societal responsibilities
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| sick role | societal expectations about attitudes and behavior of a person viewed as being ill
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| gatekeepers | physician's functions for the sick role
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| conflict perspective on health | medicine serves as an agent of social control by retaining absolute jurisdiction over many health care procedures
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| medicalization of society (conflict) | growing role of medicine as major institution of social control
greatly expanded domain of expertise
medicine retains jurisdiction over health
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| medical model | difficult for common people to join the discussion and exert influence on decision making
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| inequities in health care (conflict) | stress the workings of health care institutions
poor areas tend to be underserved bc medical services concentrate on where people are wealthy
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| brain drain (conflict) | immigration to U.S. of skilled workers, professionals, and techs
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| infant mortality rate | number of deaths of infants under 1 yr old per 1000 live births
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| interactionist perspective on health | examine roles played by health care professionals and pt
micro level
asserts pts can play an active role in pos or neg health
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| Howard Becker | nature of provider-patient contact can reduce quality of care
time looking at comp screens instead of face to face interaction
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| labeling theory (labeling perspective) | attempts to explain why certain people are viewed one way while others engaged in some behavior are not
definition of illness and health
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| social epidemiology | study of distribution of disease, impairment and general health status
epidemiologist have taken new role of tracking bioterrorism
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| morbidity rate | rate of disease in pop/disease data is more useful
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| mortality rate | incidence of death in a pop
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| social class of health | lower classes have higher rates of mortality and disability
poor are less able to afford quality medical care
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| conflict theorists on social class | capitalist societies care more about maximizing profits than they do about the health and safety of industrial workers
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| race and ethnicity on health | poor economic and environmental conditions manifested in high morbidity and mortality
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| howard Waitzkin | suggests that racial tensions also contribute to the medical problems of blacks
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| curanderismo | form of holistic health care and healing
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| gender on health | men more likely to hv parasitic disease
women tend to live longer bc lower rate of smoking, lower alcohol consumption, lower rate of employment in occupations, more likely to seek treatment
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| conflict perspective gender health | women are vulnerable to medicalization of society
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| functionalist on physicians and patients | physician and medical school professors serve a mentors
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| interactionist on physicians and patients | students molded by medical school environment
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| alternatives to traditional health care | complementary/used with conventional med
holistic/health care practitioner considers physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual characteristics
alternative/ non-mainstream practice used in place of conventional medicine
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| 1946 hill-burton act | first subsides for building and improving hospitals
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| 1965 | medicare and Medicaid established
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| 1983 | gov instituted price-control system
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| 2010 | ACA improved health insurance coverage for people of all ages
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| mental illness | reserved for disorder of the brain that disrupts thinking, feeling, and ability to interact with others
looked at as negative and suspicious
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| stigma (E Goffman) | labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
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| medical model | mental illness rooted in biological causes that can be treated through medical intervention
social and cultural factors contribute to mental illness
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| labeling theory on mental illness | some behaviors that are viewed as mental illness may not be an illness
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| Thomas szasz | believed that numerous personality disorders are not diseases but patterns of conduct labeled as disorders by sig others
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| Community Mental health centers Act (1963) | increased gov intervention and provision of care
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| social factors that influence pop rates and trends | fertility
mortality
migration
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| fertility | a society's level of reproduction
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| demography | components of pop size, composition territorial distribution
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| Thomas Malthus on population | argued world's pop growing more rapidly than available food supply
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| Karl Marx on population | linked overpopulation to unequal distribution of resources
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| neo-malthusians | influenced by both malthus and marx in stressing birth control and sensible use of resources
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| cenus | counting of a pop, primarily mechanism for collecting pop info
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| vital statistics | census supplemented by this on births, dealths, marriages, divorc
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| elements of demography | birthrate
total fertility rate
death rate
life expectancy
growth rate
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| demographic transition | change from high birthrates and death rates to low
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| pretransition | high birthrates and death rates with little pop growth
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| transition | declining death rates with high to medium fertility, resulting in sig pop growth
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| posttransition | low birthrates and death rates with little pop growth
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| population pyramid | special type of bar chart that shows distribution of a pop b gender and age
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| baby boom | most recent period in high fertility
strong societal pressure on women to marry and become mothers
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| migration | permanent movement of people w/purpose of changing place of residence , generally over sizable distance
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| internal migration | migratory movements within societies
residents of a country generally free to move from one locality to another
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| human ecology | study concerned with interrelationships between people and their environment
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| world system analysis | shows growing share of human and natural resources of developing countries redistributed to core industrialized nation
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| Allan Schnaiberg | treadmill of production necessitates increasing demand for products, purchase of natural resources at min cost, and manufacturing cheaply and quickly
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| ecological modernization | alignment of environmentally favorable practices w/economic self interest through constant adaptation and restructuring
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| macro level of ecological modernization | reintegrating industrial waste back into the production process
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| micro level of ecological modernization | reshaping individual lifestyles
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| environmental justice | legal strategy based on claims that racial minorities are subjected disproportionately to environmental hazards
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| air pollution solution | clean up power plants
enforce or strengthen air quality standrads
individual actions like driving less often or less electricity
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| climate change | observable alteration of global atmosphere that affects natural weather patterns
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| global warming | sig rise in earth's surface temps
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| social change (Chapter 16) | significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture, including norms and values
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| Victoria Carty | sociologist who believed that the ready availability of social media changed all that and caused protest movements to evolve
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| social movement | organized collective activity to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or society
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| functionalists on social movement | contribute to formation of public union
taking on an international dimension
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| Hebert Blumer | recognized special importance of social movements
defined as collective enterprise to establish a new order of life
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| relative deprivation | conscious feeling of negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
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| in addition to feeling relative deprivation you also need to... | have a right to their goals
cannot attain their goals through conventional means
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| resource mobilization | ways a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence , access to the media, and workers
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| false consciousness (marx) | attitudes that do not reflect workers' objective position
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| new social movement beginning of 1960s | organized collective activity that addresses values and social identities as well as improvements in quality of life
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| macro level approach of new social movement | members show little inclination to accept established authority
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| micro level approach of new social movement | environmental movement with a global focus
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| Computer mediated communication (CMC) | interaction through 2 or more networked devices
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| evolutionary theory (Darwin) | views society as moving in a definite direction
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| Auguste Comte on evolutionary theory | human societies moving forward in their making from mythology to scientific method
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| Emile Durkeim on evolutionary theory | society progresses from simple to more complex social org
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| equilibrium model | as change occur in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts
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| Talcott Parsons (functionalist) 4 process of social change | differentiation
adaptive upgrading
inclusion
value generalization
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| conflict perspective on social change | karl marx- change is necessary to correct social injustice/inequal
ralf Dahrendorf/ functionalist and conflict compatible
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| Resistance to social change (Thorstein Veblan) | economic factors
cultural factors
reluctance to use or fear of technology
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| vested interests (Veblan) | people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change
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| culture lag | period of maladjustment when non-material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
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| technology | cultural info about ways in which material resources of environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires
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| Luddites (post industrial) | resisted industrial revolution
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| neo-Luddites | who are wary of tech innovations
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| Urban Amish | who resist tech devices
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| Randall Collins | soviet expansionism resulted in an overextension of resources in 1980
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| Maureen Hallinan | need to move beyond restrictive models of social change
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| social change in Dubai | constitutional monarchy
no democratic utopia
no contested elections
cheap electricity
free land and water
free healthcare
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| functionalist view on internet | generally positive view
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| conflict theorist on internet | stress most powerful groups will use tech to violate privacy of less powerful
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| transnational | immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin with the societies of settlement
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|
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
vtlove116
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