Chapters 3-6
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| Culture | totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
includes ideas, values, customs
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| society | the largest form of human group
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| culture industry | worldwide media industry that standardizes goods and services demanded by consumers
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| Theodor Adorno | philosopher: primary effect is to limit people's choices
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| cultural universals | certain common practices and beliefs that all societies have developed
adaptations
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| George Murdock | Anthropologist that compiled a list of cultural universals but expressed differently from culture to culture
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| ethnocentrism | tendency to assume that ones own culture and way of life represents the norm or is superior to others
underdeveloped, backward, primitive world is dramatically influenced by the society we were raised
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| cultural relativism | viewing people's behaviors from the perspective of their own culture
ex: child marriage
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| sociobiology | systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
founded on Darwin's theory of evolution
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| Language | major element of culture, abstract system of word meanings and symbols
important of cultural capital
day to day exchanges
both written and spoken
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| sapir-whorf hypothesis | hypothesis that language is culturally determined and shape our interpretation of reality
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| non verbal communication | use of gestures, facial expressions, and visual images to communicate
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| Norms and values | all societies have ways to encourage and enforce appropriate behavior and discourage and punish inappropriate behavior
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| norms | established standard of behavior maintained by society
ex: contemporary society is heterosexuality
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| formal norms | generally written, specify strict punishment for violators
law
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| informal norms | generally understood but not precisely recorded
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| mores | norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society
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| folkways | norms governing everyday behavior
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| sanctions | penalties and rewards for conducting concerning a social norm
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| positive sanctions (formal norm) | pay raises, medals, words of gratitude
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| negative sanctions (formal norm) | fines, threats, imprisonment, stares of contempt
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| positive informal norm | smile, compliment, and cheers
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| negative informal norm | frown, humiliation, and bullying
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| cultural values | collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper
influence of behavior, evaluating actions of others
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| culture war | polarization of society over controversial cultural elements
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| functionalist perspective on culture | social stability requires a consensus and the support of society members
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| dominant ideology | set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful interests as social, economic, and political
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| conflict perspective on culture | sominant ideology has major social significance
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| subculture | segment of society that shares distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differ from larger society
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| argot | a specialized language that distinguishes a subculture from the wider society
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| counterculture | subculture that conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
thrive among the young
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| culture shock | feeling disorientation of uncertainty, being out of place or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture
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| innovation | process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture
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| discovery | making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality
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| invention | result when existing cultural items are combined into form that did not exist before
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| diffusion | process by which cultural items spreads from group to group or society or society
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| technology | cultural info about how to use material resources of the environment to satisfy needs and desires
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| William F. Ogburn | made distinction between elements of material and non material culture
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| material culture | physical or tech aspects of daily lives
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| nonmaterial culture | ways of using material objects, customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of com
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| culture lag | period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions
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| bilingualism | use of 2 or more languages in a particular setting
us demanded conformity to a single language
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| role of solcialization | interaction of heredity and environment (nature and nurture) shapes human development and influences socialization process
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| socialization | lifelong process in which people learn attitudes, values, and behaviors
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| personality | person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior
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| extreme isolation | example of experiment of isabelle
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| extreme neglect | example of Romanian Orphans
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| primate studies | social attachments develop from need for warmth, comfort, and intimacy
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| Minnesota twins | twins have similar intelligence test scores when reared apart in similar social settings but different in different settings
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| self | distinct identity that sets us apart from others
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| looking-glass self | the self is product of social interactions with other people
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| Stages of self (George Herbert Mead) | Preparatory stage
play stage
games stage
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| preparatory stage | children imitate people around them
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| play stage | develop skill in communicating through symbols, awareness of social relationships, role taking
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| game stage | at 8 or 9, consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously
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| Mead theory of self | self begins as privileged
person matures, self changes and begins to reflect
significant others
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| significant others | individuals most important in development of self
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| Erving Goffman | impression management -individual learns to slant presentation of self and face work-a need to maintain proper image of self
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| dramaturgical approach | people are seen as theatrical performers
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| Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) | self is a social product
natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict
personality influenced by others
self has components that work opposite to each other
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| Jean Piaget (1896-1980) | emphasized stages through which human beings progress as self develops
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| cognitive theory of development | 4 stages in development of children's thought processes
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal
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| gender roles | expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities
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| school | teaches values and customs of larger society
reinforce divisive aspects of society
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| peer group | assume role of Mead's significant others
gender differences are noteworthy among adolescents
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| mass media and tech | media innovations important of socialization
concerns of teen use of internet
use of technology not always negative
new com tech in developing countries
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| workplace | learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting
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| religion and the state | gov and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting rites of passages
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| rite of passage | means of dramatizing and validating changes in status
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| life course approach | looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout life
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| anticipation socialization | person rehearses future occupations and social relationships
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| resocialization | discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one's life
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| total institution | regulates all aspects of a person's life under a single authority
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| degradation ceremony | ritual in which an individual is stripped of its own properties, becomes secondary, and rather invisible
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| mid-life crisis | stage in which men and women realize they have not achieved basic goals and ambitions
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| sandwich generation | adults who simultaneously try to meet needs of their parents and their children
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| phases of retirement | preretirement
near phase
honeymoon phase
disenchantment phase
reorientation phase
stability phase
termination phase
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| Naturally Occurring Retirement communities (NORC) | when older people congregate
emerge as singles and young couples move out and older people move in
residents at some communities threatened by gentrification
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| elements of social structure | Statuses, social roles, groups, social networks, social institutions
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| status | full range of socially defined positions within a large groupor society
person can hold more than 1 at a time
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| ascribed status | status assigned without regard for unique talents or characteristics
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| achieved status | status one earns through one's own efforts
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| master status | status that dominates and determines a person's general position in society
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| social roles | set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
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| role conflict | incompatible expectations arise from 2 or more social positions
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| role strain | difficulties that arise when same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
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| role exit | process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity
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| group | any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations
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| primary group | small group characterized by intimate, face to face association
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| secondary group | usually large, formal, impersonal groups with little social intimacy or mutual understanding
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| in group | people feel they belong
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| out group | people feel they don't belong
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| reference group | any group or individual use as standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
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| coalitions | temp or permanent alliance geared toward common goal
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| social network | series of social relationships that link a person directly to others
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| social institution | organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
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| functional perspective of social institutions | replacing personnel
teaching new recruits
producing and distributing goods and service
preserving order
providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
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| conflict perspective of social institutions | help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups
education have inherently conservative natures
operate in gendered and racist environment
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| interactionist perspective of social institutions | affect everyday behavior
conditioned by roles and statuses we accept
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| formal organizations | groups designed for special purpose and structured for max efficiency
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| bureaucracy | component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
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| ideal type | construct or model for evaluating specific cases of bureaucracy
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| characteristic of Bureaucracy | division of laber
hierarchy of authority
written rules and regulations
impersonality
employment based on technical qualifications
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| alienation | condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society
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| trained incapacity | workers become specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems
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| goal displacement | overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy
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| Peter principle (peter and hull 1969) | every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of competence
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| division of labor | produces efficiency in a large scale corp
produces trained incapacity and a narrow organizational perspective
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| hierarchy of authority | clarifies who is in command
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| written rules and regulations | let workers know what is expected of them
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| impersonality | reduces bias
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| employment based on technical qualifications | discourages favoritism and reduces petty rivalry
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| bureaucratization | process by which group, org, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
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| iron law of oligarchy | even a democratic organization eventually develops into a bureaucracy ruled by a few
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| classical theory or scientific management | workers motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
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| human relations approach | role of people, communication, and participation
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| mechanical solidarity | collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity
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| organic solidarity | collective consciousness resting on need society's members have for one another
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| Gemeinschaft (rural life) | small community in
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| gesellschaft (urban life) | large community in which people are strangers and feel little in common
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| sociocultural evolution | human societies undergo process of change characterized by dominant pattern
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| preindustrial societies | hunting and gathering society
horticultural society
agrarian society
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| hunting and gathering society | rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available
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| horticultural society | people plant seeds and crops
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| agrarian society | primarily engaged in production of food
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| industrial societies | depends on mechanization to produce its good and services
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| postindustrial society | economic system engaged primarily in processing and control of info
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| postmodern society | technologically sophisticated society preoccupied with consumer goods and media images
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| reasons for ongoing decline in labor union | changes in types of industries
growth in part time jobs
the legal system
globalization
employer offensives
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| mass media | media that embrace print and electronic means of communication to carry messages to widespread audiences
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| cultural convergence | flow of content across multiple media
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| conferral of status | media single out one from thousands of other similarly placed issues or people
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| hyperconsumerism | practice of buying more than we need or want, often more than we can afford
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| narcotizing dysfunction | phenomenon in which media provide such massive amounts of info that audience becomes numb
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| conflict perspective of mass media | how media reflect and exacerbate divisions of society and world
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| gatekeeping | how material must travel through a series of checkpoints before reaching the public
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| dominant ideology | set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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| sterotype | unreliable generalization about members of a group that do not recognize individual differences
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| hyper local media | reporting that is highly local
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| digital divide | low income groups that have less access to latest tech
essential to economic progress
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| feminist view of mass media | mass media sterotype and misrepresent social reality
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| social capital | collective benefit of social networks, built on reciprocal trust
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| egocasting | personal management of media exposure to avoid messages one does not like
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| opinion leader | someone who, day to day personal contacts and communication, influences opinions and decision of others
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| big data | rapid collection and analysis of enormous amounts of info by super computers
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| culture lag | material culture (tech) changing faster than non material
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