ALL Ms long 6 Science Vocab
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| Purpose | the question or problem you have - the reason to do the experiment
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| Research | gathering of information to support your hypothesis
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| Hypothesis | If...then statement; an educated guess or prediction
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| Analysis | your observations and data; organized into charts and graphs so that you can examine thoroughly
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| Experiment | the materials and directions or steps that you follow in order to test your hypothesis
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| Conclusion | tells if your hypothesis was correct or incorrect and what you learned
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| repeated trials | conducting an experiment multiple times to make sure your data is valid
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| quantitative data | a description of the data using numbers
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| qualitative data | a description of the data using adjectives
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| observation | something that can be noted using one of your five senses
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| safety goggles | something that protects your eyes during an experiment
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| independent variable | manipulated by me; I change it
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| dependent variable | changes because something else was changed
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| control | a variable that is used as a comparison so it remains unchanged
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| constants | things that remain the same during an experiment
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| inner core | a ball of hot, solid metals
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| outer core | a layer of liquid metals that surrounds the inner core
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| mantle | the Earth's thickest layer; made up of hot rock
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| crust | a thin layer of cool rock that surrounds Earth
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| lithosphere | Combination of the Earth's crust and the very top of the mantle - it is the most rigid of all the layers
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| asthenosphere | a layer of hotter, softer rock in the upper mantle that flows
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| tectonic plates | lithosphere that is broken
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| matter | any substance that has mass and takes up space
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| atom | the smallest particle of an element that has the same chemical properties of its element
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| element | a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance;an element consists of only one type of of atom
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| density | refers to how tightly packed together the molecules of a substance are; the amount of mass in a given volume
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| melting point | the temperature at which a substance will go through a phase change from a solid to a liquid
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| boiling point | the temperature at which a substance will go from a liquid to a gas
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| sublimation | the process of changing from a solid straight into a liquid without going through the liquid phase
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| mass | the amount of matter contained inside of an object
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| volume | the amount of space taken up by an object, substance, or inside of a container
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| solubility | the ability of a substance to dissolve
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| solute | the substance that is being dissolved
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| solvent | a solid, liquid, or gas that can dissolve another solid, liquid, or gas
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| saturation | the point where a substance is holding as much solute as it possibly can
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| phase change | transformations of a substance from one state of matter to another by heating or cooling
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| subscript | in a chemical formula it indicates how many of that element are found in the molecule
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| Conduction | The transfer of thermal energy through touching
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| convection | the transfer of thermal energy through liquids and gases
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| radiation | the transfer of heat energy through waves
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| transfer | to move from one location to the next
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| vibration | a periodic motion of the particles of an elastic body or medium in alternately opposite directions from the position of equilibrium when that equilibrium has been disturbed
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| medium | a substance regarded as the means of transmission
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| rarefaction | a state or region of minimum pressure in a medium traversed by compressional waves (such as sound waves)
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| infrared | situated outside the visible spectrum at its red end —used of radiation having a wavelength between about 700 nanometers and 1 millimeter
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| frequency | the number of times that a periodic function repeats the same sequence of values during a unit variation of the independent variable
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| longitudinal wave | particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of the line of advance of the wave
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| compression | a longitudinal wave (such as a sound wave) propagated by the elastic compression of the medium
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| transparent | having the property of transmitting light without appreciable scattering so that bodies lying beyond are seen clearly
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| ultraviolet | situated beyond the visible spectrum at its violet end —used of radiation having a wavelength shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of X-rays
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| amplitude | the extent of a vibratory movement (as of a pendulum) measured from the mean position to an extreme
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| transverse waves | a wave in which the vibrating element moves in a direction perpendicular to the direction of advance of the wave
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| electromagnetic | magnetism developed by a current of electricity
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| translucent | transmitting and diffusing light so that objects beyond cannot be seen clearly
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| equilibrium | a state of adjustment between opposing or divergent influences or elements (balanced)
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| pitch | the property of a sound and especially a musical tone that is determined by the frequency of the waves producing it :highness or lowness of sound
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| trough | a long, low area between waves
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| disturbance | a local variation from the average or normal conditions
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| opaque | blocking the passage of radiant energy and especially light
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| conductors | a material or object that allows electricity or heat to move through it
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| loudness | the attribute of a sound that determines the magnitude of the auditory sensation produced and that primarily depends on the amplitude of the sound wave involved
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| crest | the highest part or point of the wave
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| refraction | the action of distorting an image by viewing through a medium;
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| insulators | a material that is a poor conductor (as of electricity or heat)
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| hardness | the resistance to being scratched
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| cleavage | tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces
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| fracture | tendency of a mineral to break into irregular pieces
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| luster | the way light reflects from the surface
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| color | the appearance of the rock when viewed with your eyes
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| density | the amount of mass in a given volume
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| streak | the powder left behind when the mineral is rubbed against a surface
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| water displacement | the method used to find the volume of an irregular shaped object
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| rock cycle | how rocks change from one form to another
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| igneous | forms when molten rock cools and becomes solid
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| sedimentary | forms when pieces of older rock combine with other rocks
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| metamorphic | formed from heat or pressure
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| seasons | each of the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) marked by particular weather patterns and daylight hours, resulting from the earth's changing position with regard to the sun.
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| hemisphere | a half of the earth, usually as divided into northern and southern halves by the equator, or into western and eastern halves by an imaginary line passing through the poles.
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| Hubble Telescope | space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
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| tides | rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.
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| equator | an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°
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| Chandra x-ray Observatory | Flagship-class space observatory launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999
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| Fermi-Gamma-Ray Telescope | space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit.
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| eclipse | an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer.
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| phases | a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development
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| rotation | the action of rotating around an axis or center.( spin)
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| gravitational force | the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface
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| Voyager Probes | The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, to study the outer Solar System to reveal unknown details about each of the giant planets and their moons.
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| revolution | the movement of one object around a center or another object
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| International Space Station | a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit
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| tilt | the angle that the earth is positioned
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| solar eclipse | Moon passes between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on Earth
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| lunar eclipse | Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon. The Moon is in Earth's shadow
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| solstice | the longest and shortest days of the year
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| equinox | equal day and night
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| crescent | moon is less than half lit
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| full moon | Side of the Moon facing Earth is fully lit.
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| gibbous | Moon is more than half lit.
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| new moon | Side of the Moon facing Earth is completely dark.
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| umbra | the area on the earth or moon experiencing the total phase of an eclipse.
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| penumbra | the shadow cast by the earth or moon over an area experiencing a partial eclipse
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| ebb | the movement of the tide out to sea
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| continental drift | Wegner's theory that Earth's continents were once joined in a single landmass and gradually moved apart
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| Pangaea | Wegner's name for the supercontinent
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| mid-ocean ridge | underwater mountain ranges
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| convection | energy transfer by the movement of a material
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| convection currents | sinking and rising motion that occurs through the transfer of heat energy
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| theory of plate tectonics | theory that states that Earth's lithosphere is made up of huge plates that move over the surface of the Earth
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| divergent boundary | occurs where plates move
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| convergent boundary | occurs where plates move
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| transform boundary | occurs where plates scrape
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| rift valley | happens where ridges continue to widen and create a gap and molten material rises to build new crust
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| magnetic reversal | where the North and South Poles switch position
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| hot spots | where heated rock rises in plumes or thin columns from the mantle
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| subduction | one plate sinks beneath another
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| continental-continental collision | 2 continental plates carrying continental crust push together forming mountains
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| oceanic-oceanic subduction | 2 oceanic plates come together as one sinks beneath the other due to density (forms ocean trenches and island arcs)
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| oceanic-continental subduction | when oceanic crust sinks under continental crust (forms deep ocean trenches and coastal mountains)
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| petals | each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically colored
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| photosynthesis | the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
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| dormancy | when a plant is alive but not actively growing
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| phloem | the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves
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| xylem | the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem
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| sepals | the leaves that enclose the flower bud
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| cellular respiration | the production of energy from the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide
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| tropism | the turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus
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| transpiration | process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere
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| stamens | the male fertilizing organ of a flower, typically consisting of a pollen-containing anther and a filament.
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| cuticle | a protective and waxy or hard layer covering the epidermis of a plant
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| gravitropism | the movement or growth of a plant in response to gravity
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| anther | the part of a stamen that contains the pollen
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| stomata | any of the pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width that allows movement of gases in and out
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| hydrotrophism | growth or movement response of a cell or an organism to moisture or water
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| pistil | the female organs of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary
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| glucose | made in photosynthesis is transported around the plant as soluble sugars which are used in respiration to release energy for use by the plant's cells
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| fertilization | Coming together of egg cell and sperm cell; once pollination happens, ovule closes; then sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell in ovule; fertilized egg then develops into embryo
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| pollination | the transfer of pollen to a stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization
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| ovary | part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals
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| ovules | the part of the ovary of seed plants that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed
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| filament | a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther, which is the structure that produces pollen
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| stigma | The part of the pistil where pollen germinates
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| style | a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary
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| germinate | sprouting of a seedling from a seed
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| perfect flowers | has both the male and the female reproductive parts
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| imperfect flowers | has only one sexual reproductive organ
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| phototropism | plants that grow towards the sun
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| chlorophyll | causes plants to be green
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| producers | green plants that make their own food through photosynthesis
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| biome | a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
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| energy pyramid | a graphical model of energy flow in a community
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| consumers | heterotrophic organism that feeds on other organisms in a food chain
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| freshwater | naturally occurring water on Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, icebergs, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater.
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| decomposers | an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that breaks down organic material
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| biotic | all the living things in an ecosystem
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| marine | pertaining to the sea
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| food chain | a hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food
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| abiotic | all the nonliving things in an ecosystem such as water, air, and sunlight
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| desert | arid land with usually sparse vegetation; having a very warm climate and receiving less than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of rainfall annually
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| limiting factors | environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem
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| tundra | refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost, or permanently frozen soil
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| thermal energy | the energy a an object has due to the motion of its particles
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| convection | the process by which energy is transferred in gases and liquids, occurring when a warmer less dense area is pushed up by a cooler more dense area. (currents
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| radiation | energy that travels across distances in the form of electromagnetic waves
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| conduction | the process by which energy is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object by means of physical contact. (touch)
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| temperature | a measure of the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in an object
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| thermometer | a tool used for measuring temperature
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| kinetic theory of matter | states that all matter is made of particles in motion
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| thermal expansion | a property that allows most matter to expand when their temperature rises
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| specific heat | the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
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| heat transfer | the flow of energy from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature
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| conductor | a material that transfers heat easily ( lets heat out)
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| insulator | a material that does not transfer energy easily ( holds heat in)
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| calorie | the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celcius
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| joule | a unit used to measure energy and work. One calorie is equal to 4.18 joules of energy.
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| weathering | the breaking down of rocks
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| mechanical weathering | breaking down of rocks through pressure
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| chemical weathering | breaking down of rocks by means of changing the composition
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| abrasion | breaking of rocks by means of friction
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| deposition | the setting down of sediment
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| humus | the top layer of soil that contains many nutrients
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| soil profile | the soil horizons in a specific location; a cross section of soil layers that displays all soil horizons
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| soil horizon | a soil layer with physical and chemical properties that differ from those layers above and below it
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| sediment | tiny pieces of broken rock
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| erosion | the movement of rock through wind and water
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