genetics
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| Alleles | one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
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| heredity | the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.
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| trait | a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.
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| recessive | relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e., when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.
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| dominant | most important, powerful, or influential.
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| phenotype | the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
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| genotype | the genetic constitution of an individual organism.
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| homozygous | a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes.
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| heterozygous | individuals who are homozygous for a certain gene carry two copies of the same allele.
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| mutation | the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA
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| replication | the action of copying or reproducing something.
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| nucleotide | a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
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| transcription | the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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| translation | step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
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| karyotyping | to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
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| codon | a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
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| anticodon | a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
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| recombinant DNA | DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.
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| restriction enzyme | an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.
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| genetic engineering | the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
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