Biology EOC Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| What is meiosis? | Creation of sex cells
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| How many gametes are made during meiosis? | 4
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| What type of cells (haploid or diploid) are made in meiosis? | haploid
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| Who was Mendel? | Austrian Monk, Father of genetics
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: hair color | phenotype
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: homozygous dominant | genotype
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: brown eyes | phenotype
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: Bb | genotype
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: Cc | genotype
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| Determine of the following is phenotype or genotype: skin color | phenotype
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| What is phenotype? | The observable part of the trait-- What it looks like
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| What is genotype? | The genes themselves-- represented by the letters
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| On which chromosomes do sex linked traits generally occur? | X
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| What sex chromosomes do men have? | XY
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| What sex chromosomes do women have? | XX
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| Define polygenic traits. | Traits that have multiple genes coding for one trait- Ex. BbGgHh
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| How can we tell the difference between men and women on a pedigree? | Women are circles, men are squares
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| How can we determine if someone has a specific trait by reading a pedigree? | Their shape is filled/shaded in
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| How can we determine if a trait is dominant or recessive by reading a pedigree? | As a general rule, if the offspring has it, but the parents don't, then it is recessive.
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| What is the charge of a proton? | positive
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| What is the charge of a neutron? | neutral
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| What type of element is carbon? | nonmetal
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| What type of bond contains 2 nonmetals | covalent
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| the pH of a very strong acid would be ____. | low on the pH scale
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| the pH scale ranges from _____. | 0-14
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| What type of macromolecule contains fatty acids? | lipids
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| What type of monomers do proteins contain? | amino acids
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| What type of macromolecule contains nucleotides as monomers? | nucleic acids
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| a monosaccharide is a monomer of what type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates
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| What do carbohydrates do for the body? | they are broken down for energy
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| What type of macromolecule builds and repairs body tissues? | proteins
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| This type of macromolecule stores energy | lipids
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| What do nucleic acids do for the body? | store genetic information
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| What is an example of a nucleic acid? | DNA/RNA
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| An enzyme is an example of which type of macromolecule? | protein
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| What do enzymes do? | speed up the rate of reaction (catalysts)
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| What is a catalyst? | speeds up the reaction rate
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| What is an ion? | an atom with a different number of electrons
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| a very strong base would be | high on the pH scale
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| Sugars are an example of what type of macromolecule? | carbohydrates
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| What is the function of a centriole? | aid in cell replication
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| what is the function of a mitochondrion? | produce energy
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| what is the function of a chloroplast? | help in photosynthesis
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| what is the function of a ribosome? | make proteins
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| what is the function of a golgi body? | package and distribute
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| what type of transport uses energy?/ | Active
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| Facilitated diffusion is active/passive transport | passive
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| what are the three parts of the cell theory? | all things are made of cells cells come from other cells nothing smaller than a cell is living
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| What two parts make up a phospholipid? | 1 phosphate and 2 lipids
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| What part of the phospholipid repels water? | lipid
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| What part of the phospholipid attracts water? | phosphate
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| If you submerge an animal cell in a solution that is hypertonic, what direction will water move? | out of the cell
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| If you submerge a cell in a solution that is hypotonic, what direction will the water move? | into the cell
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| What is isotonic? | equal amounts of solute and water
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| What are 2 differences between a plant and animal cell | Plant cells have large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts
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| What are 2 differences between a eukaryote and prokaryotic cell? | Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Prokaryotes are small, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles and have circular DNA
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| What do cilia do? | help the cell move
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| What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion? | osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane
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| Passive transport moves with/against the concentration gradient | with
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| active transport moves with/against the concentration gradient | against
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| diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion move water from a ___ concentration to a ___ concentration. | high to low
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| What does the rough ER do? | transport proteins
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| A glucose molecule must enter the cell through facilitated diffusion. This means it must use a ____ to get into the cell | protein
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| What is a control? | Something you don’t affect in the experiment Ex. When doing an experiment that looks at how amount of fertilizer affects plant growth, your control would be a plant with NO fertilizer
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| What is a testable explanation for a question called? | hypothesis
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| What are variables? | Variables are the parts of an experiment being tested or changed.
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| What is the difference between the independent and dependent variables? | Independent is what you are changing. Ex: Amount of fertilizer Dependent changes based on the independent. Ex: plant growth Remember, dependent is usually the outcome that you are looking for
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| Name the piece of equipment or process used to measure temperature | thermometer
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| What are the main tenets of the cell theory? | Cells are the basic unit of life Cells come from existing cells All organisms are composed of cells
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| What is the function of the nucleus | contains DNA and controls cells’ actions
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| What is the function of the mitochondria | provides cell's energy, involved in cell respiration
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| What is the function of the chloroplasts | absorb sun, site of photosynthesis
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| What is the function of the lysosomes | break down waste using enzymes
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| What is the function of the vacuoles | storage
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| What is the function of the ribosomes | make proteins
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| What is the function of the ER | transports either lipids and proteins
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| What is the function of the golgi apparatus | packaging and distribution
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| What is the function of the cilia/flagella | movement
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| What is the function of the cell membrane | lets things in and out of the cell
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| What is the function of the nuclear membrane | holds DNA in nucleus
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| What is the function of the cell wall | stucture
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| What is the function of the cytoplasm | suport
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| What are the major components of a prokaryotic cell? | no nucleus, ribosomes are only organelle, small, circular DNA
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| What are the major components of eukaryotic cell? | nucleus, lots of organelles, linear DNA
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| What process results in cellular reproduction? | mitosis
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| What is cellular differentiation? | cells becoming their specific jobs
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| What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems? | cells form tissues, which form organs, which form organ systems
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| Do all cells in an organism have the same DNA? | Yes, unless it has mutated
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| What are stem cells? | Stem cells are cells that can either replicate themselves or become almost any other type of cell
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| What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? | embyronic stem cells can change into literally anything, adult stem cells can only turn into certain things- they're limited
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| What is homeostasis? | Keeping everything the same
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| What controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell? | cell membrane
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| What does semipermeable mean? | Lets some things in, not others
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| What is the difference between passive and active transport? | passive, doesn't need energy active does need energy
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| What does semipermeable mean? | Lets some things in, not others
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| What is a transport protein used for? | Facilitated diffusion- to get stuff too big to go through cell membrane into cell
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| What is endocytosis | stuff coming into the cell via vesicles- phagocytosis, pinocytosis
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| What is exocytosis | disposal of waste
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| What are the steps of mitosis | prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
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| What are the steps interphase | G1 S G2
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| What happens in prophase | DNA condenses to form chromosomes
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| What happens in metaphase | chromosomes line up in the center
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| What happens in anaphase | chromosomes are pulled apart
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| What happens in telophase | Cleavage furrow begins to form and nuclear membranes begin to reform around chromosomes
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| What happens in G1 of interphase? | Transcription and translation occur
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| What happens in S phase interphase | DNA is replicated
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| What happens in G2 of interphase | rapid cell growth
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| What stage do cells spend most of their time in? | interphase
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| How are enzymes and activation energy related? | Enzymes lower activation energy
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| What is the purpose of photosynthesis? | To take energy from the sun to make glucose (which is broken down to provide energy)
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| What are the two stages of photosynthesis? | light reaction and dark reaction/Calvin cycle
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| What happens in the light reaction? | happens in thylakoid, makes ATP, NADH and O2
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| What happens in dark reaction? | Occurs in stroma, uses ATP and NADH to make glucose
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| What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? | 6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
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| What types of cells undergo cellular respiration? | Eukaryotic- both plant and animal cells
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| What is ATP? | Adenosine tri-phosphate Chemical energy source
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| What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? | 6O2 + C6H12O6 →6CO2 + 6H2O Remember, since Oxygen is involved, this is aerobic respiration!
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| What are the stages of cellular respiration? | glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle), ETC
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| What happens in anaerobic respiration? | 1. glycolysis 2. fermentation
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| What happens in glycolysis? | It is the cutting of glucose that happens in the cytoplasm Produces 2ATP, 2 Pyruvate (3 Carbon molecule), and NADH
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| What are the two types of fermentation? | Lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation
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| What is the product of lactic acid fermentation? | Lactic acid
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| What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? | produces CO2 and ethanol
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| What are the steps of aerobic respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle 3. ETC
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| What happens in the Krebs Cycle? | occurs in mitochondria, breaks the pyruvate down into 2 ATP, NADH and FADH2
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| What happens in the ETC? | occurs in mitochondria, takes NADH and FADH2 and makes 32 ATP by sending the hydrogen electrons back and forth across the mitochondria membrane
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| How does oxygen affect the path of cellular respiration? | If oxygen isn’t present, only glycolysis and fermentation happen. If oxygen is present, glycolysis goes to Krebs then ETC (electron transport chain)
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| How much energy comes from one glucose molecule? | 36-38 ATP
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| What is the ATP-ADP cycle? | When ATP is used, turns into ADP (pops off that last phosphate) When energy is gained, ADP is turned back into ATP (put the phosphate back on)
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| What makes a molecule organic? | Contains Carbon
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| What is caloric value? | The energy needed to heat one gram of water one degree Celsius
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| What are the building blocks of proteins? | Amino acid
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| What are the monomers of carbohydrates and lipids? | Carbohydrates- monosaccharides Lipids- fatty acids
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| Which macromolecules are most and least preferred for energy | Most- Carbohydrates Least- Nucleic Acids
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| What do carbohydrates do? | Carbohydrates- broken down to provide energy
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| What do lipids do? | Lipids- insulation and energy storage
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| Starting with algae and ending with a shark, describe the flow of energy through a food chain. | Algae, fish, bigger fish, shark ☺
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| Place these in the proper order: secondary consumer, producer, primary consumer. | Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer
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| What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? | Food chain- straight line, doesn’t show all relationships Food web- shows all relationships possible- looks like spider web
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| How much energy is lost as energy passes through each trophic level? | Approximately 10%
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| What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph? | Autotroph makes its own food Heterotroph gets food by breaking down another organism
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| What are carnivores? | Eat consumers/consume meat
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| What are omnivores? | Eat consumers or producers
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| What are decomposers? | Type of detritivore, breaks down decaying matter
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| What are nucleic acids? | store genetic information
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| What are 3 parts of a nucleotide | sugar, phosphate, nucleotide base
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| What are three differences between DNA and RNA? | RNA- 1 stranded, DNA- 2 stranded Location- DNA stays in nucleus, RNA can be found in nucleus or at ribosome Uracil is found in RNA, thymine is found in DNA
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| What is the relationship between DNA, and gene, and a chromosome? | DNA makes up a chromosome (chromosome is tightly packed DNA) Gene is sections of the DNA
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| What are the base pair rules? | A-T, G-C
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| What does DNA code for? | DNA codes for proteins and traits
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| How many chromosome pairs do humans have? | 23 pairs
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| How many chromosomes are sex and how many are autosomal? | 22 pairs autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosome
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| Why is DNA replication semiconservative? | It keeps half semi means half/part conservative means keep Each new strand of DNA is half of the old, original strand, half new strand
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| What is the relationship between transcription and translation? | Transcription is the making of the mRNA Translation is the reading of the mRNA to make proteins
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| What are the three types of RNA? | mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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| What is the DNA complement to the strand AGTAACTTAG? | DNA- TCATTGAATC
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| What is the RNA complement AGTAACTTAG? | RNA- UCAUUGAAUC
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| What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis- body cells, only one cell division, resulting cells are diploid Meiosis- sex cells, 2 cell divisions, resulting cells are haploid
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| What are Mendel’s three laws of genetics and what do these mean? | Law of dominance- one allele is dominant to the other Law of segregation- you get half your genes from mom, half from dad Law of independent assortment- genes sort independently from one another, meaning your height doesn’t influence your hair color
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| What is an allele? | The possible forms of the genes, represented by letters
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| How does a Punnett square predict genetic crosses? | Predicts all possible outcomes by crossing each individual allele
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| What is the difference between the terms diploid and haploid? | Diploid- 2n, total number of chromosomes in pairs (23 pairs, your diploid number is 46)- body cells Haploid- n, single chromosomes, half the diploid number- only in sex cells/gametes
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| What is incomplete dominance? | blending (both traits dominant) red and white make pink
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| What is codominance? | potting (both still dominant) red and white make red-and-white-spots
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| What are multiple alleles? | When multiple alleles code for one trait
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| What is polygenic inheritance? | Multiple genes code for one trait – ex. Height, eye color, hair color
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| What is sex-linked inheritance? | Sex-linked traits- linked to sex chromosomes- usually sits on X chromosome, when doing Punnett squares, make sure you’re crossing XX and XY Makes- XrY have it, XY normal Females- XrX are carrier, XrXr have it, show symptoms, XX normal
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| What are linked genes? | Linked genes are genes that are linked on a chromosome (next to one another)
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| How does crossing over separate linked genes? | Crossing over separates linked genes because it literally breaks off pieces of the chromosome and attaches it to another one.
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| What does a pedigree show? | Family tree with traits
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| What shape is a female in a pedigree | circle
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| What shape is a male in a pedigree | square
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| How do you tell if a person has the specific trait in a pedigree? | They're filled in
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| What is a mutation? | change in the DNA
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| What is a mutagen? | causes a mutation
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| What is evolution? | change over time
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| What is natural selection? | those that are better adapted will survive and reproduce
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| What is a gene pool? | All of the genes within an ecosystem
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| What is gradualism in evolution? | evolution happening over a long period of time
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| What is punctuated equilibrium and evolution? | evolution happening quickly, then not
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| What is adaptive radiation/divergent evolution? | one species becoming two—they’re becoming more different
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| What is convergent evolution | two species becoming more similar
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| What is a homologous structure? | comparing structures between organisms that have the same structure (bone structure) but different functions
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| What is analogous structure? | comparing structures between organisms, have similar functions and different structures.
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| What is coevolution? | two species evolving as a result of one another
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| What is a vestigal structure | A structure (bone, organ, etc...) that is left over from our ancestors. They used it, we don't
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| How does biochemistry provide evidence for evolution? | Similar DNA over many species
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| In eukaryotic cells, where are ribosomes found? | In the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum
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| What do RNA and ATP have in common? | Adenine and ribose
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| What are the reactants in cell respiration and the products in photosynthesis? | glucose and oxygen
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| What molecule is used for long term energy storage and insulation in the human body? | lipids
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| Why do grasses follow lichens during ecological succession? | Lichens form soil for the grasses to grow in
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| During transcription, the nucleotide sequence TAC on DNA becomes what? | AUG
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