Bio Chapter 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups
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| ADP | Low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP
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| Chemosynthesis | Process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light
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| Photosynthesis | The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
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| Chlorophyll | A green pigment that is present in most plant and algae cells and some bacteria that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that absorbs light to provide energy for photosynthesis
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| Thylakoid | A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis
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| Light-dependent reactions | Part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions
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| Light-independent reactions | Part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates
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| Photosystem | Series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane
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| Electron transport chain | A series of molecules, found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane
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| ATP synthase | Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
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| Calvin cycle | A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP
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| Cellular respiration | The process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide
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| Aerobic | Process that requires oxygen to occur
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| Glycolysis | The anaerobic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP
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| Anaerobic | Describes a process that does not require oxygen
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| Krebs cycle | A series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial, and plant cells, and it releases energy
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| Fermentation | The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
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| Lactic acid | Product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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