Lower Limb origin, insertion, action, innervation (MOORE)
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Illiacus | Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, anterior sacroiliac ligaments | Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter and femur distal to it | Femoral nerve L2 L3 | Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilising this joint
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Sartorius | Anterior Superior iliac spine and superior part of notch inferior to it | Superior part of medial surface of tibia | Femoral Nerve L2, L3 | Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip joint flexes leg at knee joint (medially rotating leg when knee is flexed)
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Rectus Femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum | Via common quadriceps tendon, independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; medial and lateral vast also attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses | Femoral Nerve L3 L4 | Extend leg at knee joint; rectus femurs also steadies hip joint and help iliopsoas flex thigh
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Vastus Lateralis | Greater trochanter and lateral lip of lines aspera of femur | Via common quadriceps tendon, independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; medial and lateral vast also attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses | Femoral Nerve L3 L4 | Extend leg at knee joint; rectus femurs also steadies hip joint and help iliopsoas flex thigh
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Vastus medialis | Intertochanteric line and medial lip of lines aspera of femur | Via common quadriceps tendon, independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; medial and lateral vast also attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses | Femoral Nerve L3 L4 | Extend leg at knee joint; rectus femurs also steadies hip joint and help iliopsoas flex thigh
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Vastus intermmedius | Anterior and lateral surfaces of shaft of femur | Via common quadriceps tendon, independent attachments to base of patella; indirectly via patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity; medial and lateral vast also attach to tibia and patella via aponeuroses | Femoral Nerve L3 L4 | Extend leg at knee joint; rectus femurs also steadies hip joint and help iliopsoas flex thigh
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Adductor longus | Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest | Middle third of lines aspera of femur | Obturator nerve, anterior division L3 | Adducts Thigh
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Adductor Brevis | Body and inferior ramus of pubis | Pectineal line and proximal part of lines aspera of femur | Obturator nerve, anterior division L3 | Adducts thigh; to some extent flexes it
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Adductor Magnus | Adductor part: inferior rams of pubism ramus of ischium Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity | Adductor part: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur | Adductor part: Obturator nerve L3 L4 branches of posterior division Hamstring Part: tibial part of sciatic nerve L4 | Adducts thigh flexes thigh and hamstring part extends thigh
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Gracilis | Body and inferior ramus of pubis | superior part of medial surface of tibia | Obturator nerve L2 | Adducts thigh; flexes leg; helps rotate leg medially
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Obturator externus | Margins of obturator foramen and obturator memebrane | Trochanter fossa of femur | Obturatior nerve L4 | Laterally rotates thigh;
steadies head of femur in acetabulum
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Gluteus maximus | Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament | IT band in lateral condyle of tibia; gluteal tuberosity | inferior gluteal nerve S1 S2 | Extends thigh especially from flexed position and assists in it lateral rotation. steadies thigh and assists in rising from sitting position
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Gluteus Medius | External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines | Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur | Superior gluteal nerve L5 | Abduct medially rotate thigh, keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing
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Gluteus Minimus | External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines | Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur | Superior gluteal nerve L5 | Abduct medially rotate thigh, keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing
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Tensor Fasciae latae | Anterior superior iliac spine, anterior part of iliac crest | IT tract - lateral condyle tibia | Superior gluteal nerve L5 | Abduct medially rotate thigh, keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing
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Piriformis | Anterior surface of sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament | superior border of greater trochanter of femur | Branches of anterior rami of S1 | Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Obturator internus | Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones | Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur, Trochanteric fossa | Nerve to obturator interns S1 | Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Superior gemelli | Ischial Spine | Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur, Trochanteric fossa | Nerve to obturator interns S1 | Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Inferior gemelli | ischial tuberosity | Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur, Trochanteric fossa | Nerve to quadrates femoris L5 S1 | Laterally rotate extended thigh and abduct flexed thigh, steady femoral head in acetabulum
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Quadrates femoris | Lateral border of ischial tuberosity | Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it | Nerve to quadrates femoris L5 S1 | Laterally rotates thigh, steadies femoral head in acetabulum
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Semitendinosus | Ischial tuberosity | Medial surface of superior part of tibia | Tibial division of sciatic nerve L5 S1 | Extend thigh, flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed, when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
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Semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity | posterior part of medial condyle of tibia, relflexted attachment forms oblique popliteal ligament | Tibial division of sciatic nerve L5 S1 | Extend thigh, flex leg and rotate it medially when knee is flexed, when thigh and leg are flexed, these muscles can extend trunk
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Biceps femoris | Long head: ischial tuberosity, Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur | Lateral side of head of fibular, tendon is split at this site by fibular collateral ligament of knee | Long head: tibial division of sciatic nerve S1 Short head: Common fibular division of sciatic nerve S1 | Flexes leg and rotates it laterally when knee is flexed, extends thigh e.g. accelerating mass during first step of gait
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Tibialis anterior | Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane | medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal | Deep fibular nerve L4 | Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
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Extensor digitorum longus | Lateral condyle of tibia and superior three quarters of medial surface of fibula and interosseous membrane | middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits | Deep fibular nerve L4 | Extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle
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Extensor hallucis longus | Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane | dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe | Deep fibular nerve L4 | Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
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Fibulas tertius | Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane | Dorm of base of 5th metatarsal | Deep fibular nerve L4 | Dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of foot
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Fibulas longus | Head and superior two thirds of lateral surface of fibula | Base of 1st metatarsal medial cuneiform | Superficial fibular nerve L5 S1 | Everts foot and weakly plantar flexes ankle
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Fibulas brevis | Inferior two thirds o lateral surface of fibula | Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th MEtatarsal | Superficial fibular nerve L5 S1 | Everts foot and weakly plantar flexes ankle
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Gastrocnemius | Lateral head: lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur, Medial head: popliteal surface of femur superior to medial condyle | Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcanea tendon | Tibia Nerve S1 S2 | Plantar flexes ankle when knee is extended, raises heel during walking, flexes leg at knee joint
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Soleus | Posterior aspect of head and superior quarter of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line and middle third of medial border of tibia, and tendinous arch extending between the bony attachements | Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcanea tendon | Tibia Nerve S1 S2 | Plantar flexes ankle independent of position of knee, steadies leg on foot
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Plantaris | Inferior end of lateral supraondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal ligament | Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcanea tendon | Tibia Nerve S1 S2 | weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantar flexing ankle
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Popliteus | Lateral surface of lateral condlyel of femur and lateral meniscus | Posterior surface of tibia superior to solar line | Tibial nerve L4 L5 S1 | Weakly flexes knee and unlocks it by rotating femur 5 degrees on fixed tibia, medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb
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Flexor hallucis Longus | Inferior tow thirds of posterior surface of fibula, inferior part o f interosseous membrane | base of distal phalanx of great toe | Tibial nerve S2 S3 | Flexes great toe at all joints, weakly plantar flexes ankle, supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
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Tibialis posterior | Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to solar line, posterior surface of fibula | Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and sustentaculum talks of calcaneus, bases of 2nd 3rd and 4th metatarsals | Tibial Nerve L4 L5 | Plantar flexes ankle, inverts foot
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Flexor digitorum longus | Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to solar line; by a broad tendon of fibula | Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits | Tibial nerve S2 S3 | Flexes lateral four digits, plantar flexes ankle, supports longitudinal arches of foot
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Abductor hallucis | Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum , plantar aponeurosis | Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit | Medial plantar nerve S2 S3 | Abducts and flexes 1st digit
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Flexor digitorum brevis | Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, inter muscular septa | Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits | Medial plantar nerve S2 S3 | Flexes lateral four digits
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Abductor digiti minimi | Medial lateral tubercles of tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis, inter muscular speta | Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit | Lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | Abducts and flexes little toe 5th digite
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Quadrates plantae | Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus | Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus | Lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | Assists flexor digitorum longs in flexing lateral four digits
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Lumbricals | Tendons of flexor digitorum longus | Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits | Medial one: Medial plantar nerve S2 S3 Lateral 3: Lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
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Flexor hallucis brevis | Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms | Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit | Medial plantar nerve S2 S3 | Flexes proximal phalanx 1st digit
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Adductor hallucis | Oblique head: bases of metatarsal 2-4 Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalanges joints | Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit | Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | adduct first digit, assists in transverse arch of foot by metatarsals medially
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Flexor digit minimi brevis | Base of 5th Metatarsal | base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit | superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | flexes proximal phalanx 5th digit
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Plantar interossei 3 Muscles | Plantar aspect of medial sides of shafts of metatarsals 3-5 | Medial sides of bases o phalanges of 3rd to 5th digit | Lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | Adducts digits 3-5 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints
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Dorsal Interossei (4 muscles) | Adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5 | 1st medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit 2-4th lateral sides of 2-4th digit | Lateral plantar nerve S2 S3 | Abducts digits 2-4 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints.
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Extensor digitorum brevis | Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus), interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, stem of inferior extensor retinaculum | Long extensor tendons of four medial digits toes 2-4 | Deep fibular nerve L5 or S1 or both | Aids the extensor digitorum longs in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
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Extensor hallucis brevis | Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus), interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, stem of inferior extensor retinaculum (same as Extensor digitorum brevis) | Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe | Deep fibular nerve L5 or S1 or both | Aids the extensor hallucis longs in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
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Hip Flexors | Illiopsoas, sartorius, TFL, Rectus femoris, tendon, pectinous, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus Anterior part, gracilis |
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Adductors | Pectinous, adductor longs, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus, gracilis |
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Lateral rotators | obturator externus, piriformes, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris, gluteus maximus |
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Extensors | Gluteus maximus, hamstrings: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, long head - biceps femoris, Adductor magnus - posterior part |
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Abductors | Gluteus medius gluteus minimus, TFL |
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Medial rotators | Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus - anterior parts; TFL |
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Pectineus | Superior rams of pubis | Pectineal line, just inferior to lesser trochanter | Femoral Nerve L2 L3 | Adducts and flexes thigh: Assists with medial rotation of thigh
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Psoas Major | Sides of t12-L5 Vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae | Lesser trochanter of femur | Anterior rami of Lumbar L1 L2 | Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilising this joint
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Psoas Minor | Sides of T12-L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs | Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence via iliopubic arch | Anterior rami of lumbar L1 L2 | Act conjointly in flexing thigh at hip joint and in stabilising this joint
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