9TH CHAP 8 8.1 AENVIRONMENT OUTLINE
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| POPULATION | A _______________ is a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area and interbreed.
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| BREED | A population is a reproductive group because organisms usually________with members of their own population.
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| SIZE | The word population refers to the group in general and also to the ______ of the population, or the number of individuals it contains.
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| DENSITY | _________________ is the number of individuals of the same species in that live in a given unit of area.
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| DISPERSION | ___________is the pattern of distribution of organisms in a population. A population’s dispersion may be even, clumped, or random.
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| PREDICT | Size, density, dispersion, and other properties can be used to describe populations and to __________changes within them.
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| BIRTH DEATH | A population gains individuals with each new offspring or _____ and loses them with each ______.
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| CHANGE | The resulting population _______ over time can be represented by the equation below.
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| GROWTH RATE | ______ _______ is an expression of the increase in the size of an organism or population over a given period of time. It is the birth rate minus the death rate.
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| EQUAL | For the growth rate to be zero, the average number of births must ______ the average number of deaths.
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| TWO | A population would remain the same size if each pair of adults produced exactly ____ offspring, and each of those offspring survived to reproduce.
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| NEGATIVE | If the adults in a population are not replaced by new births, the growth rate will be ______ and the population will shrink
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| FACTORS | Populations usually stay about the same size from year to year because various _______ kill many individuals before they can reproduce.
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| CARRYING CAPACITY | ___________ _________ is the largest population that an environment can support at any given time.
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| BEYOND | A population may increase_____________ this number but it cannot stay at this increased size.
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| CRASH | Because ecosystems change, carrying capacity is difficult to predict or calculate exactly. However it may be estimated by looking at average population sizes or by observing a population___________ after a certain size has been exceeded.
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| SAME RATE | A species reaches its carrying capacity when it consumes a particular natural resource at the ______ ________ at which the ecosystem produces the resource.
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| LIMITING RESOURCE | That natural resource is then called a __________ ______________.
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| SUPPLY | The ______________ of the most severely limited resources determines the carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species at a particular time.Competition Within a Population
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| COMPETE | The members of a population use the same resources in the same ways, so they will eventually _______ with one another as the population approaches its carrying capacity.
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| TERRITORY | instead of competing for a limiting resource, members of a species may compete indirectly for social dominance or for a ____________.
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| COMPETITION | _______________within a population is part of the pressure of natural selection.
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| TERRITORY | A_______________is an area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals.
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| VALUE | The territory is of________not only for the space but for the shelter, food, or breeding sites it contains.
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| ENERGY | Many organisms expend a large amount of time and ______ competing with members of the same species for mates, food, or homes for their families.
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| DENSELY | Population size can be limited in ways that may or may not depend on the ______________________of the population.
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| DEATH | Causes of _________in a population may be density dependent or density independent.
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| INDEPENDENT | When a cause of death in a population is density ____________, deaths occur more quickly in a crowded population than in a sparse population.
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| DENSILY | This type of regulation happens when individuals of a population are __________ packed together.
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| HIGHER | Limited resources, predation and disease result in ________________ rates of death in dense populations than in sparse populations.
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| INDEPENDENT | When a cause of death is density __________, a certain proportion of a population may die regardless of the population’s density.
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| ALL | This type of regulation affects _____populations in a general or uniform way.
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| WEATHER | Severe ________and natural disasters are often density independent causes of death
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| EVOLVES | In the long run, the factors also determine how the population __________.
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| BIOTIC | A species’ _____________potential is the fastest rate at which its populations can grow. This rate is limited by reproductive potential.
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| REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL | A species’ biotic potential is the fastest rate at which its populations can grow. This rate is limited by ______________- _____________.
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| HIGHER | Some species have much __________ reproductive potentials than others.
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| MORE | Reproductive potential increases when individuals produce ______ offspring at a time, reproduce often, and reproduce earlier in life.
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| EARLIER | Reproducing _____in life has the greatest effect on reproductive potential.
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| GENERATION | Reproducing early shortens the _________ time, or the average time it takes a member of the population to reach the age when it reproduces.
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| GROW QUICKLY | Small organisms, such as bacteria and insects, have short generation times and can reproduce when they are only a few hours or a few days old.
As a result, their populations can ____________ _________.
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| EXPONENTIAL GROWTH | __________ _________ is logarithmic growth or growth in which numbers increase by a certain factor in each successive time period.
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| ONLY | Exponential growth occurs in nature _______ when populations have plenty of food and space, and have no competition or predators.
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| LARGE | In exponential growth, a __________number of individuals is
added to the population in each succeeding time period.
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| CANNOT | Because natural conditions are neither ideal nor constant, populations ________ grow forever.
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| USED UP | Eventually, resources are ________ __ or the environment changes, and deaths increase or births decrease.
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