Learning_2
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| animals are not humans and findings have limited applications; animals have rights similar to humans | Arguments against using animals in research. (2)
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| appetitive stimulus | An event that an organism will seek out.
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| aversive stimulus | An event that an organism will avoid.
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| baseline | The normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention.
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| because it must control the environment, experimental settings may be quite artificial | Limitation of changing-criterion design.
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| can control genetic makeup, learning history, experimental environment; some research on humans in unethical | Advantages of using animals in research. (4)
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| case study approach | A descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or a few individuals.
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| changing-criterion design | A type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered.
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| comparative design | A type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables.
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| contingency | A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other.
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| control group design | A type of experiment in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group; the experimental group subjects are exposed to a certain treatment, while those in the control group are not.
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| control group design, single-subject design | types of experimental designs (2)
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| covert behavior | Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior, e.g., thoughts and feelings.
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| cumulative recorder | A device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior.
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| dependent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable.
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| deprivation | The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event.
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| descriptive research | Research that focuses on describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs.
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| duration | The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior.
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| establishing operation | A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.
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| functional relationship | The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship.
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| independent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment.
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| intensity | The force or magnitude of a behavior.
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| interval recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals.
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| latency | The length of time required for a behavior to begin.
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| multiple-baseline design | A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors.
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| naturalistic observation | A descriptive research that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment.
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| naturalistic observation, case study | common descriptive methods (2)
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| no control of variables; it's difficul to specify which variables influence which behavior | Limitations of naturalistic observations and case studies. (2)
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| overt behavior | Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior.
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| rate of response | The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time.
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| requires many subjects; averaging across subjects ignores effects on individuals; results are interpreted at the end so ongoing effects may be missed; in comparative control group studies, species can differ in more than one way, limiting comparisons | Limitations of control group designs. (4)
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| response | A particular instance of a behavior.
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| reversal design (ABA or ABAB) | A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period.
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| satiation | The prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event.
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| simple-comparison design (AB) | A type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition.
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| simply monitoring behavior may induce change (reactive effect); results may be consistent but provide no strong evidence for the treatment's effect. | Limitations of single-subject design. (2)
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| single-subject design | A research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment.
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| spatial contiguity | The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space.
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| speed | The amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish.
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| stimulus | Any event that can potentially influence behavior.
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| temporal contiguity | The extent to which events occur close together in time.
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| time-sample recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals.
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| to generalize, requires more than one person, setting, or behavior; the treatment may generalize across settings and behaviors before a new setting or behavior is applied | Limitations of multiple-baseline design. (2)
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| topography | The physical form of a behavior.
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| two-treatment reversal design (ABCAC) | A reversal design in which one treatment is followed by another treatment, then by baseline, then by the second treatment to confirm its effectiveness.
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| variable | A characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another.
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| do not have to withdraw treatment to see if it is effective | Advantage of the multiple-baseline design.
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