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Powell
Learning_2
Question | Answer |
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animals are not humans and findings have limited applications; animals have rights similar to humans | Arguments against using animals in research. (2) |
appetitive stimulus | An event that an organism will seek out. |
aversive stimulus | An event that an organism will avoid. |
baseline | The normal frequency of a behavior before some intervention. |
because it must control the environment, experimental settings may be quite artificial | Limitation of changing-criterion design. |
can control genetic makeup, learning history, experimental environment; some research on humans in unethical | Advantages of using animals in research. (4) |
case study approach | A descriptive research approach that involves intensive examination of one or a few individuals. |
changing-criterion design | A type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered. |
comparative design | A type of control group design in which different species constitute one of the independent variables. |
contingency | A predictive relationship between two events such that the occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other. |
control group design | A type of experiment in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group; the experimental group subjects are exposed to a certain treatment, while those in the control group are not. |
control group design, single-subject design | types of experimental designs (2) |
covert behavior | Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior, e.g., thoughts and feelings. |
cumulative recorder | A device that measures total number of responses over time and provides a graphic depiction of the rate of behavior. |
dependent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is allowed to freely vary to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable. |
deprivation | The prolonged absence of an event that tends to increase the appetitiveness of that event. |
descriptive research | Research that focuses on describing the behavior and the situation within which it occurs. |
duration | The length of time that an individual repeatedly or continuously performs a certain behavior. |
establishing operation | A procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus. |
functional relationship | The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable; a cause-and-effect relationship. |
independent variable | That aspect of an experiment that is made to systematically vary across the different conditions in an experiment. |
intensity | The force or magnitude of a behavior. |
interval recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. |
latency | The length of time required for a behavior to begin. |
multiple-baseline design | A type of single-subject design in which a treatment is instituted at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors. |
naturalistic observation | A descriptive research that involves the systematic observation and recording of behavior in its natural environment. |
naturalistic observation, case study | common descriptive methods (2) |
no control of variables; it's difficul to specify which variables influence which behavior | Limitations of naturalistic observations and case studies. (2) |
overt behavior | Behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by an individual other than the one performing the behavior. |
rate of response | The frequency with which a response occurs in a certain period of time. |
requires many subjects; averaging across subjects ignores effects on individuals; results are interpreted at the end so ongoing effects may be missed; in comparative control group studies, species can differ in more than one way, limiting comparisons | Limitations of control group designs. (4) |
response | A particular instance of a behavior. |
reversal design (ABA or ABAB) | A type of single-subject design that involves repeated alternations between a baseline period and a treatment period. |
satiation | The prolonged exposure to (or consumption of) an event that tends to decrease the appetitiveness of that event. |
simple-comparison design (AB) | A type of single-subject design in which behavior in a baseline condition is compared to behavior in a treatment condition. |
simply monitoring behavior may induce change (reactive effect); results may be consistent but provide no strong evidence for the treatment's effect. | Limitations of single-subject design. (2) |
single-subject design | A research design that requires only one or a few subjects in order to conduct an entire experiment. |
spatial contiguity | The extent to which events are situated close to each other in space. |
speed | The amount of time required to perform a complete episode of a behavior from start to finish. |
stimulus | Any event that can potentially influence behavior. |
temporal contiguity | The extent to which events occur close together in time. |
time-sample recording | The measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of discontinuous intervals. |
to generalize, requires more than one person, setting, or behavior; the treatment may generalize across settings and behaviors before a new setting or behavior is applied | Limitations of multiple-baseline design. (2) |
topography | The physical form of a behavior. |
two-treatment reversal design (ABCAC) | A reversal design in which one treatment is followed by another treatment, then by baseline, then by the second treatment to confirm its effectiveness. |
variable | A characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or from one situation to another. |
do not have to withdraw treatment to see if it is effective | Advantage of the multiple-baseline design. |