Stress, Health & Coping pg. 597-608 (Lecture 40, Dumas)
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| Rape trauma syndrome | A pattern of cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses that occur in response to the trauma of being raped.
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| Neuroticism | A personality trait that involves the tendency to experience high levels of negative affect and to behave in self-defeating ways.
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| Stressful life events and psychological distress reflect what 3 causal relations?Briefly describe each. | 1. Negative life event scores: Stressful life events cause distress.
2. Psychological distress scores (depression): Distress causes higher stressful life event scores.
3. Possible 3rd factor (neuroticism): Causes both negative life events and distress.
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| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | A pattern of distressing symptoms, such as flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance, and anxiety responses that recur after a traumtaic experience.
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| What 4 major groups of symptoms occur with PTSD? | 1. Severe anxiety, physiological arousal (stress response)
2. Painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event(s) in flashbacks and dreams
3. Emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
4. Possible intense "survivor guilt"
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| What gender is most likely to develop PTSD? | Female
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| The likelihood of developing PTSD is influenced by what 5 factors? | 1. Social support
2. Presence of significant childhood stresses
3. Personality factors
4. Coping stratrgies
5. Pre-existing psychological conditions
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| How does PTSD affect other disorders? | The severe problems caused by PTSD can increase later vulnerability to other disorders (ex: alcoholism, depression, etc.).
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| Residential school syndrome | A set of long-lasting symptoms, similar to PTSD, suffered by some individuals who attended residential schools away from their communities.
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| What was Meaney's study? | He found that if rat pups were given additional stimulation (daily handling) during the first week of life, they showed faster recovery from stress during adulthood.
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| What outcome do mild early stressors in early life have later in life (for nonhuman primates)? | Mild early stresses in life strengthen emotional, cognitive, and hormonal resistance to stressors later in life.
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| Vulnerability factors | Predispositions that can have a biological basis, such as our genotype, a brain malfunction, or a hormonal factor.
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| What are the 3 main effects of life stress? | 1. Decreases immune function
2. Worsens pre-existing medical conditions
3. Increases the risk of illness and death
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| Protective factors | Environmental or personal resources that help people fare better in the face of stress.
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| What is the most important protective factor against stressors? What type of recource is it? | Social support (environmental resource)
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| What is the opposite of social support? | Social isolation
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| Hardiness | A stress-resistant personality pattern that involves the factors of commitment, control, and challenge (three C's).
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| What are the 4 main ways in which social support is beneficial? | 1.Enhances immune system functioning
2.Provides greater psychological well-being
3.Increases feelings of control over stressors
4.Friends can apply social pressure to prevent people from coping with stressors in maladaptive ways (ex: through alcohol)
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| What are the "three C's" of hardiness? | 1. Commitment
2. Control
3. Challenge
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| Coping self-efficacy | Beliefs relating to our ability to deal effectively with a stressful stimulus or situation, including pain.
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| Type A personality | A behavioural pattern involving a sense of time urgency, pressured behaviour and hostility that appears to be a risk factor in coronary heart disease.
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| Type B personality | A relaxed and agreeable personality type, with little sense of time urgency.
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| Name 4 protective factors against stress. | 1. Social support
2. Hardiness
3. Self-efficacy
4. Optimism
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