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Science of earth-related natural disasters

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Answer
Principle of Catastrophism   All of Earth's major features have been produced by a few great catastrophic events; popular in the 17th and 18th centuries  
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Principle of Uniformitarianism   Same physical processes active in today's environment have bee operational throughout geologic time.  
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Tectonic Cycle   creation, movement and destruction of tectonic plates  
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Rock Cycle   largest, linked to all others; creates three different types of rock (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)  
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Hydrologic Cycle   driven by solar energy; works by way of evaporation, precipitation, surface runoff and subsurface flow  
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Biogeochemical Cycle   transfer of cycling of a chemical element(s) through the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere  
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Convergent Plate Boundaries   Greatest Earthquakes; Subduction Zones  
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Subduction Zone   Denser oceanic crust will go under lighter continental; Oceanic = 2.9 g/cm^3, Continental = 2.8 g/cm^3  
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Risk   product of probability of the event occurring times the consequences should it occur  
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Risk Analysis   situation dependent  
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Prediction   advance determination of the date, time and size of the event  
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Forecast   announcement that states that a particular event is likely to occur during a specific time interval  
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Flooding   provides nutrients to floodplain; fertile soils  
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Landslides   debris forms dams, creates lakes  
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Volcanic Ash   nutrient-rich soil  
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Natural Hazard   natural source of danger to life, property and the environment  
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Natural Disaster   natural event or process that destroys life and/or property; sudden event that causes great damage or loss  
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Catastrophe   massive disaster with lots of damage and recovery is long and complex  
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