Micro
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| Characteristics of Life | Grwth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism
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| Prokaryotes | * Lack nucleus
* Can read DNA and make protein simultaneously
* Lack various internal structures bound w phospholipid membranes
* Typically 1.0 µm in diameter or smaller
* Composed of bacteria and archaea
* Smaller than Eukaryotes
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| Eukaryotes | * Nucleus
* Have internal membrane-bound organelles
* Larger: 10–100 µm in diameter
* Have more complex structure
* Composed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants
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| Glycocalyces | * Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell
* Composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
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| Two Types of Glycocalyces | Capsules
Slime layer
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| Capsule | Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals
Firmly attached to cell surface
May prevent bacteria from being recognized by host
Certain bacteria w/ capsules cause pneumonia
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| Slime layer | Loosely attached to cell surface
Water-soluble
Sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces
Dental biofilm that can cause cavities
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| Flagella | Are responsible for movement
Have long structures that extend beyond cell surface
Are not present on all bacteria
Structure
Composed of filament, hook, and basal body
Basal body anchors the filament and hook to cell wall.
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| Flagella Function | Rotation propels bacterium through environment.
Rotation varies; can be counterclockwise (straight) or clockwise (freaks out)
Bacteria move in response to stimuli (taxis).
Runs & tumbles
Chemotaxis
Phototaxis
Positive & negative taxis
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| Fimbriae | Sticky, bristlelike projections/rodlike protinaceous extensions
Used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substances in environment
Shorter than flagella
Serve an important function in biofilms
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| Pili | Special type of fimbriae
Also known as conjugation pili
Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
Bacteria typically have only one or two per cell.
Transfer DNA from one cell to another (conjugation)
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| Bacterial Cell Walls | Provide structure/shape/protect cell frm osmotic forces
Assist cells in attaching to other cells/resistin antimicrobial drugs
Target cell wall of bacteria with antibiotics (animal cells do not have cell walls)
Give bacterial cells characteristic shapes
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| Bacterial Cell Walls | peptidoglycan
polysaccharide
Peptidoglycan is composed of 2 types of regularly alternating sugar/glucose molecules
NAG NAM
Tetrapeptides (4 aa)
Form connections/crossbridges between NAMs
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| Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls | Relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan
Contain unique chemicals called teichoic acids/lipoteichoic acids
Appear purple following Gram staining procedure
Mycobacterium = Up to 60% mycolic acid in acid-fast bacteria helps cells survive desiccation
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| Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls | Thin bilayer of peptidoglycan contains phospholipids/proteins/(LPS)
Lipid A portion of LPS can cause fever/vasodilation/inflammation/shock/blood clottin
May impede the treatment of disease
Appear red followin Gram staining procedure
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| Bacteria Without Cell Walls | A few bacteria lack cell walls
Often mistaken for viruses due to small size and lack of cell wall
Have other features of prokaryotic cells such as ribosomes
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| Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes - Structure | aka phospholipid bilayer
Composed of lipids/associated proteins:
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins (function as receptors)
Cytoplasmic membranes aka cell membrane and the plasma membrane
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| Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes - Function | Controls the passage of substances into/out of the cell
Energy storage
Harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria
Naturally impermeable to most substances
Proteins allow substances to cross membrane
Maintain concentration and electrical gradient
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| Diffusion | the net movement of a chemical down its concentration gradient (from higher conc to lower conc)
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| Facilitated diffusion | certain cytoplasmic membrane proteins act as channel or carriers to allow certain molecules to enter or exit the cell.
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| Osmosi | diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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| Active Transport | requires energy, transport proteins, & moves substances against their electrochemical gradients
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| Group translocation | a substance is chemically modified during transport
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| Cytosol | Liquid portion of cytoplasm
Mostly water
Contains cell’s DNA in region called the nucleoid
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| Inclusions | May include reserve deposits of chemicals
Presence of specific inclusions is diagnostic for several pathogenic bacteria
Cyanobacteria have gas vesicles which provide buoyancy
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| Endospores | Unique structures produced by some bacteria
Defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions
Vegetative cells transform into endospores when multiple nutrients are limited or environmental conditions change
Resistant to extreme conditions
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| Ribosomes | Sites of protein synthesis/production
Composed of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
70S
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| Cytoskeleton | Internal structure (scaffolding)
Composed of three or four types of protein fibers
Can play different roles in the cell:
Cell division
Cell shape
Segregate DNA molecules
Move through the environment
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| Glycocalyces | Function in the formation of biofilms
Adhere cells to one another and inanimate objects
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| Flagella | Consist of basal body, hook, and filament
# differences w bacterial flagella
Archaeal/bacterial flagella evolve separately
Structure/arrangement
Diff structurally/functionally frm prokaryotic flagella
Filaments anchored to cell by basal body; no hook
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| Archaeal cytoplasm similar to bacterial cytoplasm | 70S ribosomes
Fibrous cytoskeleton
Circular DNA
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| Archaeal cytoplasm also differs from bacterial cytoplasm | Different ribosomal proteins
Different metabolic enzymes to make RNA
Genetic code more similar to eukaryotes
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| Glycocalyces | Not as organized as prokaryotic capsules
Help anchor animal cells to each other
Strengthen cell surface
Provide protection against dehydration
Function in cell-to-cell recognition and communication
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| Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes | Animal and most protozoa do not have cell walls
Fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa have cell walls.
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| Cilia | Shorter and more numerous than flagella
Coordinated beating propels cells through their environment.
Also used to move substances past the surface of the cell
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| Nucleus | ‘Control center of cell’
Often largest organelle in cell
Contains most of the cell's DNA
RNA synthesized in nucleoli present in nucleoplasm.
Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Contains nuclear pores (import and export)
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow tubules continuous with nuclear envelope
Functions as transport system
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | Lipid synthesis
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | Ribosomes adhere to outside layer – protein synthesis
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| Golgi body | ‘shipping department’
Receives, processes/ packages large molecules for export from cell
Packages molecules in secretory vesicles
Composed of flattened hollow sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayer
Not in all eukaryotic cells
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| Mitochondria | ‘Powerhouse’
Have two membranes composed of phospholipid bilayer
Produce most of cell’s ATP
Interior matrix contains 70S ribosomes and a circular molecule of DNA (just like bacteria).
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| Chloroplasts | Light-harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
Use light energy to produce ATP
Have two phospholipid bilayer membranes and DNA
Have 70S ribosomes (just like bacteria)
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | Differences in DNA, 70S ribosomes/ 2 bilipid membranes lead to an evolutionary discovery
Eukaryotes formed from a union of small aerobic prokaryotes w larger anaerobic prokaryotes.
Smaller prokaryotes became internal symbionts.
Lost their ability to ex
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| Endosymbiotic Theory | Lost their ability to exist independently.
Larger cell became dependent on symbiont for aerobic ATP production.
Aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria.
Similar scenario for origin of chloroplasts
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| A cell may allow a large or charged chemical to move across the cytoplasmic membrane, down the chemical's electrical and chemical gradients, in a process called? a. active transport b. facilitated diffusion c. endocytosis d. pinocytosis | facilitated diffusion
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| Which of the following statements concerning growth and reproduction is false? | a living organism must reproduce to be considered alive
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| A "9+2" arrangement of microtubules is seen in? a. archaeal flagella b. bacterial flagella c. eukaryotic flagella d. all prokaryotic flagella | eukaryotic flagella
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| Which of the following is most associated with diffusion? a. symports b. antiports c. carrier proteins d. emdocytosis | carrier proteins
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| Which of the following is NOT associated with prokaryotic organisms? a. nucleotid b. glycocalyx c. cilia d. circular dna | cilia
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| Which of the following is true of Svedbergs? a. Theyre not exact but compare b. theyre abbr sv c. theyre prokaryotic in nature but exhibit some eukaryotic characteristics d. They are an expression of sedimentation rate during high speed centrifugation | they are an expression of sedimentation rate during high-speed centrifugation
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| Which of the following statements is true? a. the cell wall of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan b. peptidoglycan-fatty acid c. Gram+ bact walls thin layer of peptidoglycan anchored d. peptidoglycan is found cellwalls of fungi, algae, and plants | the cell wall of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan
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| Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx? a. it forms pseudopods for faster mobility of an organism b.protect bact cell from dryin out c. hides bact cell from other cells d. allows bact to stick to a host | it forms pseudopods for faster mobility of an organism
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| Bacterial flagella are _____________ ? a. anchored to the cell by a basal body b. composed of hami c. surrounded by an extension of cytoplasmic membrane d. composed of tubulin in hollow microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement | are anchored to the cell by a basal body
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| Which cellular structure is important in classifying a bacterial species as Gram-negative or positive? a. flagella b. cell wall c. cilia d. glycocalyx | cell wall
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| A Gram-negative cell is moving uric acid across the cytoplasmic membrane against its chemical gradient. Which of the following statements is TRUE? | the acid moves by an active proces such as active transport
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| Gram-positive bacteria? a. have a thick cell wall, which retains crystal violet dye b. contain teichois acids in their cell walls c. appear purple after Gram staining d. all of the above | all of the above
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| Endospores _______________. a. reproductive structures of some bacteria b. occur in some archaea c. cause shock, fever, and inflammation d. dormant, resistant cells | are dormant, resistant cells
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| Inclusions have been found to contain? a. DNA b. sulfur globules c. dipicolinic acid d. tubulin | sulfur globules
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| Dipicolinic acid is an important component of? a. gram + archaeal wallss b. cytoplasmic membranes in eukaryotes c. endospores d. Glogi bodies | endospores
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| Glycocalyx | "sugar cup" composed of polysaccharides and or polypeptides
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| Flagella | 1. long whip
2. made of tubulin in eukaryotes
3. made of flagellin in bacteria
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| Axial Filaments | responsible for motility of spirochetes
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| Cilia | made of tubulin in eukaryotes
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| Fimbriae | 1. bristlelike projections found in quantities of 100 or more
2. numerous "grappling hook" projections
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| Pili | 1. responsible for conjugation
2. extensions not used for cell motility
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| Hami | numerous "grappling hook" projections
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| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis
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| Cytoskeleton | allows contraction of the cell
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| Centriole | contains microtubules in "9+0" arrangement
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| Nucleus | site of most DNA in eukaryotes
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| Mitochondria | its internal membranes are sites for ATP production
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| Chloroplast | light harvesting organelles
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| ER | functions as the transport system within a eukaryotic cell
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| Golgi body | packages large molecules for export from a cell
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| Peroxisome | contains enzymes to neutralize hydrogen peroxide
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