chapters 60, 23,25,27, and 28.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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on it to display the answer.
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| what are the 3 levels of biodiversity? | Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
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| Biophilia | Innate bond between humans and other living systems.
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| what is the gradient hypothesis | Time hypothesis: community diversity with age.
Area hypothesis: larger areas contain more species.
Productivity hypothesis: greater production by plants increase animal number.
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| what is loss of biodiversity? | Introduced species: competition, predation, disease.
Direct exploitation: over harvesting
Habitat destruction: deforestation
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| Areas rich in Endemic species | Hot spots.
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| indicator species | spp whose status provided into an overall health of ecosystem. (lichens)
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| Umbrella species | protecting these species would protect many other spp
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| flagship species | single large or instantly recognizable species
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| keystone species | spp within a community that have a role out of proportion to their abundance.
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| Chapter 23 | COMING UP
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| Biological evolution | a heritable change that in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations.
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| Population | members of the same species that are likely to encounter each other, and so have the opportunity to interbreed.
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| Molecular evolution | the molecular changes in genetic material that underlie the phenotypic changes associated with evolution.
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| Empirical thought | relies on observation to form and idea or hypothesis.
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| Biogeography | the study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species.
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| Endemic | naturally found in only one particular location.
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| Convergent evolution | when two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments.
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| Analogous structures | when species have similar characteristics even though they are not closely related
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| alleles | different forms of a particular gene, that determine the trait.
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| Homology | a fundamental similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor.
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| Homologous structures | bodily parts considered to be derived from a common ancestor.
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| Vestigial structures | natomical features that have no apparent function but resemble structures of their presumed ancestors.
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| Anatomical Homologies | the theory of evolution provides a sensible framework for understanding the diversity of life.
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| Developmental homologies | the way that animals undergo embryonic development.
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| Molecular homologies | similarities found which indicate that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors.
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| Homologous genes | when two genes are derived from the same ancestral gene.
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| Orthologs | genes that are homologous yet from different species.
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| Paralogs | two or more homologous genes found within a single species.
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| Gene family | consists of two or more copies of paralogous genes within the genome of a single organism.
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| Myoglobin | stores oxygen in muscle cells.
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| Hemoglobin | found in red blood cells and carries oxygen throughout the body.
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| Exon shuffle | mutation. An exon and the flanking introns are inserted into a gene, thereby producing a new gene that encodes a protein with an additional domain.
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| Vertical evolution | species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of gene mutations, gene duplications, and exon shuffling.
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| Horizontal gene transfer | genetic changes involving the exchange of genetic material among different species.
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| Bacterial species may carry out three natural mechanisms of gene transfer known as: | conjugation, transformation, and transduction.
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| chapter 25 | NEXT
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| Speciation | the mechanisms that promote the formation of new species.
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| Macroevolution | evolutionary changes that create new species and groups of species.
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| Microevolutionary changes | those that occur in a single gene.
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| Subspecies | when two or more groups within the same species display one or more traits that are somewhat different but not enough to warrant their placement into different species.
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| the characteristics used by biologists to identify a species. | Physical or morphological traits, the ability to interbreed, common evolutionary lineages, and ecological factors
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| Phylogenetic species concept | the members of a single species are identified by having a unique combination of characteristics.
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| Biological species concept | a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot interbreed with members of the other species.
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| Evolutionary species concept | a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate. (based on ancestry)
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| lineage | the genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors.
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| Ecological species concept | a viewpoint that considers a species within its native environment.
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| ecological niche | he unique set of habitat resources that a species requires, as well as its influence on the environment and other species. Within their own nice, members will compete for survival.
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| prezygotic mechanisms | prevent the formation of a zygote. habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.
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| postzygotic mechanisms | block the development of a viable and fertile individual after fertilization has taken place.
Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown.
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| hybrid inviability | when the fertilized egg cannot develop past the embryonic stages.
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| hybrid sterility | when an interspecies hybrid may be viable but sterile.
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| hybrid breakdown | changes in the chromosome structure.
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| Interspecies hybrid | the offspring of two species.
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| Anagenesis | a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations.
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| Cladogenesis | involves the division of a species into two or more species.
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| Allopatric speciation | when gene flow becomes limited between two or more populations. Geographic isolation can promote allopatric speciation.
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| Adaptive radiation | a single ancestral species has evolved into a wide array of descendant species that differ in their habitat, form, or behavior.
(form of allopatric speciation)
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| Hybrid zones | where two populations can interbreed.
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| Sympatric speciation | occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species.
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| Gradualism | each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time.
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| Punctuated equilibrium | the tempo of evolution is more sporadic. Species exist relatively unchanged for many generations.
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| Evolutionary-developmental biology | a field of biology that compares the development of different organisms in attempt to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change.
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| Allometric growth | the pattern whereby different parts of the body grow at different rates with respect to each other.
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| Paedomorphosis | the retention of juvenile traits in an adult organism.
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| Pax6 | a master control gene. Controls the expression of many other genes and thereby influences eye development in both rodents and humans.
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| Chapter 26 and 27 notes | now
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| Taxonomy | The field of biology that is concerned with the theory, practice, and rules of classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses.
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| Systematics | the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern.
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| Hierarchy | a system of organization that involves successive levels.
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| Taxon | smaller hierarchical groups.
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| Kingdom | highest and most inclusive taxonomic group.
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| five kingdom system. | Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and animalia.
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| Binomial Nomenclature | the standard method for naming species.
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| all forms of life are within three domains: | Bacteria, Archea, and Eukarya.
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| Eukarya- four eukaryotic kingdoms: | Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
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| Phyla | classes, orders, families, genera.
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| Chordata Phylum | Fishes, reptiles, and mammals.
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| Extremophiles | organisms that occur primarily in extreme habitats.
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| hyperthermophiles | archaea that will not grow when temp is less than 84*C
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| Extreme Halophiles | occupy evaporation ponds used to produce salt from seawater.
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| Hyperthermophilic | An archaeal species that can only grow at extremely high temperatures
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| Crenarchaeota | Organisms that grow in extremely hot or cold habitats.
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| Euryarchaeota | methane producers and extreme halophiles.
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| Korarchaeota | primarily know from DNA sequences found in samples from hot springs.
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| Nanoarchaeota | the hyperthermophile nanoarchaem equitans, which appears to be a parasite of the thermal vent crenarchaeote ignicoccus.
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| Thylakoids | intracellular tubules produced from light energy from cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria.
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| Magnetosomes | produced from mutant bacteria lacking a functional form of an actin-like protein. Scatter around mutant cells, disrupting their ability to detect a magnetic field.
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| microbial cells occurs in five major shapes | spheres(cocci), rods(bacilli), comma-shaped cells(vibrios), and spiral shaped cells that are either flexible(spirochaetes) or rigid(spirilli).
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| Biofilms | Aggregations of microorganism that secrete adhesive mucilage, thereby gluing themselves to surfaces.
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| Gram stain | procedure to detect and distinguish bacteria more easily.
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| Pili | hreadlike cell surface structures that allow some prokaryotes to twitch or glide across surfaces.
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| Gas vesicles | cyanobacteria and other bacteria that live in aquatic habitats use cytoplasmic structures to adjust their buoyancy.
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| Binary fission | the cells of bacteria and archaea divide by splitting in two.
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| Akinetes | aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria often produce large, food filled akinetes when winter approaches.
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| Endospores | cells having tough protein coats that are produced inside bacterial cells and then released when the enclosing cell dies and breaks down.
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| Transduction | a process when DNA may enter cells by means of viral vectors.
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| Transformation | a process in which microbes are able to take up DNA directly from their environments.
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| Conjugation | a mating process in which some bacteria transmit DNA.
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| Photoautotrophs | able to use light as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds from CO2 and H2O, or H2S.
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| Chemoautotrophs | able to use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds to synthesize organic compounds.
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| Photoheterotrophs | able to use light energy to generate ATP, but they must take in organic compounds from their env.
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| Chemoheterotrophs | must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a carbon source.
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| Diazotrophs | dinitrogen consumers
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| Nitrogen fixation | specialized metabolic process. The removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase is called fixation. Provide ammonia to the plant partner.
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| Heterocysts | specialized cells in which many cyanobacteria accomplish nitrogen fixation.
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| Producers | synthesize the organic compounds used by other organisms for food.
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| Decomposers | break down dead organisms and organic matter, releasing minerals for uptake by living things.
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| Methanotrophs | aerobic bacteria that maintains the balance of methane in earths atmosphere.
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| Symbiosis | symbiotic associations with eukaryotic organisms.
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| Pathogens | hosts that have disease symptoms due to parasitic microbes.
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| Chapter 28 | NOW
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| 3 major ecological groups of protists | algae, protozoa, fungus
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| Plankton | swimming or floating protists. Also includes bacteria, viruses, and small animals.
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| Phytoplankton | the photosynthetic protists in plankton
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| Protozoan plankton | heterotrophic plankton.
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| Periphyton | communities of microorganisms that are attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces.
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| Flagellates | protists that use flagella to move under water.
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| Ciliates | protists that move by means of cilia.(tiny hairlike extensions on the outside of cells)
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| Amoebae | protists that move by pseudopodia.(involves extending protist cytoplasm)
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| phagotrophy | heterotrophic protists that specialize in phagotrophy.(particle eating)
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| osmotrophs | Protists that rely on osmotrophy.(uptake of small organic molecules)
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| autotrophs | photosynthetic protists. (organisms that can make their own organic nutrients)
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| mixotrophs | protists that are able to use autotrophy, phagotrophy, or osmotrophy to obtain organic nutrients.
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| saprobes | heterotrophic protists that feed on nonliving organic material that function as decomposers.
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| zygotic life style | unicellular protists reproduce sexually this way.
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| sporic life cycles | multicellular protists reproduce sexually this way.
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| gametic life cycles | diatoms display this. All cells except the games are diploid, and gametes are produced by meiosis.
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| climate sexual reproduction | ciliates reproduce this way. Conjugation.
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