Meiosis and the Sexual Reproduction cycle
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| The diploid number for a house fly is 12... the haploid number of chromosomes found in their gametes would be | 6 ( gametes have half the number of chromosomes)
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| When you see chromosomes during cell division ... they are ( unreplicated or replicated) | replicated
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| The duplicated chromosome has two sections called | sister chromatids
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| what holds sister chromatids together in a duplicated chromosome | centromere
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| Which type of cell division ( mitosis or meiosis) has homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate in later phases | meiosis
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| ( Mitosis, Meiosis or Both).... DNA replication occurs 1x prior to the process of division | both
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis or Both)... involved in growth and repair of organisms | mitosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis , or Both)... involved in providing genetic variation in organisms | meiosis
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| ( Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... involved in production of gametes | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... consists of one nuclear division or division process ( also list phases) | mitosis : INTERPHASE ( part of cell cycle so very important because DNA replicates)... Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (with cytokinesis)
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| (Mitosis , Meiosis, or Both)... consists of two sets of nuclear division or division processes ( list phases) | meiosis: INTERPHASE( part of cell cycle so very important because DNA replicates)... Prophase I, MetaphaseI, AnaphaseI, Telophase I... Then divide again ...pro II, metaII, anaII, teloII
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... produces daughter cells that are genetically identical | mitosis
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| Mitosis, Meiosis , or Both)... can produce 4 haploid cells that are genetically varied from the original | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... has a process called crossing over that helps create genetic variation | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, meiosis, or Both)... occurs in almost any body area such as kidney, skin, bone, muscle) | mitosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... only occurs in reproductive organs( testis or ovary) | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... synapsis occurs during this process | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... special events during prophase are synapsis and crossing over | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... occurs during asexual reproduction | mitosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis or Both)... occurs during sexual reproduction | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both) ... also called reduction division... it starts with a diploid cell and ends up with haploid cells) | meiosis
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... homologous chromosomes pair up and then separate as the process continues | meiosis
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| ( Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... homologous chromsomes are present | Both ( they are present in all diploid cells.. and both processes generally start with diploid cells)
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| (Mitosis, Meiosis, or Both)... process that is used for reproduction for many unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms at certain times | mitosis
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| DNA in the relaxed form before it coils during cell division to make it easier to transport to new cells | chromatin
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| DNA in the coiled form making it easier to transport to new cells | chromosomes
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| Part of cell cycle where DNA is replicated | Interphase ( in both mitosis and meiosis... )... only one time in each process
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| Number of cells produced by mitosis and how they compare to original cell | 2, they are identical ( diploid to diploid.... or in plants they are haploid to haploid) IDENTICAL
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| If you have 12 chromosomes in a cells and it does the process of mitosis .... the new cells will each have ___ chromosomes | 12 chromosomes they are identical to the original
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| What is another name for a body cell | somatic cell
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| What is a symbol for diploid and what does diploid mean? | 2n .... this is a cell with chromosomes in pairs (they are called homologous pairs)
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| What is the symbol of haploid and what does haploid mean? | n.... this is a cell with 1 chromosome from each pair
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| when do the chromosomes first become visible | prophase in mitosis or prophase 1 in meiosis
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| when does synapsis and crossing over occur in meiosis | prophase 1
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| what is synapsis that occurs during meiosis? | it is when the homologous chromosome pairs match up to form a structure with 4 chromatids called a tetrad
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| What is a tetrad in meiosis | it is what happens as a result of synapsis in meiosis and is 4 chromatids next to each other that can get twisted together and exchange genetic information
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| during meiosis, when do you see tetrads lined up on the equator of the cell | metaphase I
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| during meiosis, when do the homologous chromosomes separate in pairs and move to the poles | anaphase 1
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| during meiosis,, when do you have haploid cells BUT with 2 sister chromatids on each chromosome ( or the DNA still doubled) | Telophase 1
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| Which part of meiosis is just like mitosis when looking at the prophase,anaphase, and telophase | Meiosis II
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| What is true about the number of chromosomes found in gametes compared to somatic cells | they have half of the number of chromosomes of a somatic cell
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| Describe the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell | they have homologous pairs, they are diploid, there are 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
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| Describe the number of chromosomes in a human gamete | these cells are haploid, they have one member of each homologous pair and their are 23 unpaired chromosomes
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| give the correct sequence showing the life cycle of a human starting with diploid adult and getting back to diploid adult | diploid adult, meiosis, haploid gamete,(haploid egg and haploid sperm from different organisms), fertilization, diploid zygote, mitosis, diploid adult
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| Where does meiosis occur in a female | ovary
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| where does meiosis occur in a male | testis
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| What process produces a sperm or egg | meiosis
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| which process ensure that the chromosome number stays constant generation after generation | meiosis ( and then fertilization)
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| which process ensures that the chromosomes are constant from one cell to the next | mitosis
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| What is the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids called | crossing over
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| true or false...replication of DNA occurs before the start of meiosis I and again before meiosis II | false only before meiosis I
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| during which meiosis phase do the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles | anaphase II
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| In ___ the spindle disappears as the nuclear envelopes form. The plasma membrane furrows in an animal cell to give two complete cells, each of which has the haploid number of chromosomes each with one chromatid ( 2 cells have been doing this division ) | telophase II
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| When ___ are formed the cytoplasm doesn't divide evenly during the 2nd cytokinesis ... therefore there is one larger cell and 3 smaller cells produces ... only one usually functions as the ____ | egg (ova)
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| When _____ are formed the cytoplasm divides evenly during the 2nd cytokinesis ... therefore 4 are formed from each cell and there are many ______ formed | sperm ( spermatozoa)
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| what term describes the process where the egg and sperm combine ( or the union of gametes) | fertilization
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| what is the first cell produced by fertilization | a zygote
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| what is the chromosome number of a zygote | diploid
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| What two types of cell division occur in the human life cycle | meiosis and mitosis ( both are important)... meiosis makes the sperm or egg... and mitosis is needed for growth
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| what are 3 things that are true about homologous chromosomes | they are the same size, they have their centromere's in the same location and they carry genes in the same location coding for the same trait...
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| True or False... 2 questions.... Do homologous chromsomes code for the same traits? Do homologous chromosomes have to have the identical information for the traits they code for | #1 true #2 false.. example (if the trait is tongue rolling... one can code for rolling and the other could code for non-rolling... or Aa)
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| which type of reproduction has a shuffling of genetic information | sexual
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| sex cells are called | gametes
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| Variation among offspring in sexually reproducing organisms comes from ( 3 things) | crossing over random fertilization, and random lineup of chromosomes during metaphase I
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| reproduction that makes identical offspring and occurs in many unicellular organisms and some multicellular organisms at certain times | asexual (without sexual)... no eggs, sperm, meiosis or fertilization
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| What are traits and what causes the traits in an organism | they are characteristics passes on from parents to offspring... they are determined by DNA located in small sections of a chromosomes called genes that code for proteins
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| Why can't mitosis be used to make gametes | mitosis made gametes in humans would have 46 chromosomes, when they united the zygote would have 92 chromosomes, double the number you should have... with meiosis each gamete has 23 chromosomes making a zygote with 46 ( correct # for humans)
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| What are three stages of development after a zygote | embryo, fetus, and baby
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| Cells cannot just do mitosis during development.. what else has to happen ( it also starts with a D) | differentiation... when generalized cells become specialized for various functions
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| What causes differention and development | the different genes are turned on or off... each cell has the same DNA but differention causes the various cells to form
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