Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Why is there a limit on cell size? | If a cell continues to grow, the surface of the membrane might not be able to transport enough nutrients and waste.
Transport of substances within the cell is also more difficult in larger cells.
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| What is the cell cycle? | Once a cell reaches its size limit, it has to stop growing or divide.
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.
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| What are the stages of the cell cycle? | Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
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| What are the characteristics of interphase? | Cell grows, carries out normal cell functions, and replicates (makes copies of) its DNA, and prepares for mitosis
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| What is the characteristic of mitosis? | Cell division : nucleus and DNA divide
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| What is the characteristic of cytokinesis? | Cytoplasm divides, splitting into 2 complete identical cells
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| What happens during interphase? | Cell grows and develops, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for division
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| What are the stages of interphase? | G1 (gap 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (gap2)
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| What happens during G1? | Period immediately after a cell divides. Cell grows, carries out normal cell functions, and prepares to replicate DNA. (Some cells do not divide again)
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| What happens during S? | DNA is copied
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| What happens during G2? | Cell prepares for mitosis. Microtubules, for cell division, are formed, DNA is checked for mistakes.
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| What are chromosomes? | Condensed form of DNA, the genetic material that is passed from generation to generation of cells
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| What is chromatin? | Relaxed form of DNA during interphase, which allows for DNA to replicate
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| How do prokaryotes divide? | Binary fission (itâs the same method as mitosis)
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| What is the sister chromatid? | Each half of the X- shaped chromosome is an identical copy of that chromosomeâs DNA
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| What is the centromere? | The structure at the center where the sister chromatids are attached
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| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? | P-prophase, M-metaphase, A-anaphase, and T-telophase
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| What happens in prophase? | Chromatin condenses into X-shaped chromosomes
The nucleolus disappears
The nuclear membrane disintegrates and the spindle apparatus begins to form
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| What happens in metaphase? | Sister chromatids are pulled by motor proteins along the spindle apparatus towards the middle of the cell
Sister chromatids line up along the equator
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| What happens in anaphase? | Chromatids are pulled apart
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus shorten, which pulls at the centromere of each sister chromatid, causing them to separate into 2 identical chromosomes
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell
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| What happens during telophase? | Chromosomes arrive at the poles & begin to relax or decondense
2 new nuclear membranes begin to form
Nucleoli reappear
Spindle apparatus breaks down and parts are recycled to build the cytoskeleton
Nucleus has divided, but division isnât done
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| What is cytokinesis? | Cytoplasm and all other cell contents divide, resulting in 2 identical cells
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| How does a cell regulate its cycle? | Proteins (cyclins and CDKs) regulate the cell cycle by controlling the start and end of various activities within the cell
Quality control checkpoints monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong Ex:Check DNA for mistakes after replication
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| How is cancer a result of uncontrolled mitosis? | Cancer is uncontrolled growth and division of cells - a failure in the regulation of the cell cycle
Cancer cells can crowd out normal cells
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| What are carcinogens? | Agents that are known to cause cancer
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| What is apoptosis? | Programmed cell death
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| What are some examples of apoptosis? | Cells between fingers and toes during development of hands and feet
Cells in the leaves that fall in autumn
Damaged cells (like sunburned skin)
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| What are embryonic stem cells? | After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the cells divide repeatedly until there are about 150 cells which have not become specialized yet.Each can develop into many various types of cells. Embryonic stem cell research is controversial because of ethical concerns
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| What are adult stem cells? | Found in various tissues, might be used to repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found.They might be able to develop into different types of cells, or used in treatments of diseases.Less controversial because the cells can be obtained w consent
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