CSET Multiple Subject Science notes
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| a chemical change occurs when... | a burner on a propane stove is lighted to heat water
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| Periodic table layout | 1)A higher atomic weight than the one on its lft. 2)Similar chemical properties to other elements in the same column; Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number (i.e., the number of protons in the atomic nucleus). Rows are arranged w/similar
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| Which is more acidic and will have lowest pH? milk, household ammonia, distilled water, vinegar | vinegar
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| difference between C 14 and C 12? (both have atomic number of six) | C 14 has eight neutrons and C 12 has six neutrons
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| mass, charge, and location of a proton | Mass = 1; charge = positive; location = nucleus
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| example of refraction of light waves | light waves passing through raindrops produces a rainbow
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| Newtons 3rd law of motion: every action there is an equal and opposite reaction | inflated balloon moving through the air when it is not tied and it is let go
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| Thermal energy vs temperature | a cup of water at 50 degrees Celcius contains less thermal energy than a bathtub full of water at 10 degrees Celcius
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| Fresh cut white flowers are put in water with blue dye. 24 hours later, 2 tablespoons of salt are added. What will happen to the flowers after another 24 hours | wilted and light blue
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| Left ventricle of the heart | primarily responsible for pumping blood to most of the organs and tissues of the body
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| Role of carbon in the functioning of biological systems | carbon combines with a large number of other elements to form a variety of useful compounds
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| Mutualism | a biological interaction between two organisms, where each individual derives a fitness benefit
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| genetic material is halved when... | a cell in the testes of a male sparrow divides and produces four sperm
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| roots grown down and shoots grow up, even if the seed is upside down due to... | gravity
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| shape of the Milky Way galaxy is... | a flat central disk with rotating spiral arms
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| barometers are used to compare what weather conditions | air pressure
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| Summer thunderstorms in Calif are caused by | a cold front moving through the area forcing warm air up, causing condensation of water and forming thunderheads
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| the inside, northern portion of Baja Calif would... | experience the greatest daily difference between high tide and low tide
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| High salinity of saltwater lakes is caused by... | water does not drain out of saltwater lakes and is removed mainly by evaporation leaving salt behind
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| Primary data source for research of the effects of logging on lakes and streams would be... | topographical maps of the area showing logging roads and areas of clear cutting
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| position | the location of an object
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| displacement | how far an object has moved
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| speed | the time-rate displacement
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| velocity | speed with a specified direction
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| acceleration | the rate of velocity change
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| energy | the ability to do work
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| potential energy | energy stored within a physical system
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| kinetic energy | energy of motion
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| activation energy | energy needed by a system to initiate a particular process
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| force | either a push or pull on an object
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| work | exerting a force on an object over a distance
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| energy sources | heat, light, solar radiation, chemical, electrical, magnetic, and sound
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| conservation of energy | energy never disappears, it just changes forms
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| temperature | a measure of aggregate atomic or molecular activity within an object
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| thermometers measure temperature by... | expansion of properties of the fluids (such as mercury or alcohol) because the fluid expands at a specific rate
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| ways to measure temperature | thermometers, thermocouples, optical
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| conduction | transfer of heat when two objects differing in temperature are placed in contact
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| radiation | transfer of heat occurs in a vacuum where there is no possibility of conduction - such as the heat from an iron
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| convection | transfer of heat when heating and circulation of a substance that changes its density when heated. (hot air over land near coastal areas)
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| light sources | either mixtures of multiple wavelengths or a single wavelength
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| white light | the entire spectrum of visible colors
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| vision | light in the visible spectrum interacts with the rods and cones of the human eye, producing electrical signals which the brain interprets as color
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| photosynthesis | process of chlorophyll-containing organisms (green plants, algae, some bacteria) capture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy
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| photoemission | light interacts with certain types of materials(usually alkali metals or combinations thereof)
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| tranverse waves | the wave disturbance (amplitude) is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation
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| longitudinal waves | the wave disturbance (amplitude) is parallel to the direction of the propagation
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| reflection/reflected waves | wave incident bounces off the surface and is redirected
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| refraction/refracted waves | wave penetrates the surface
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| cell | the fundamental unit of all living organisms; composed mainly of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
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| cytoplasm | part of a cell that is enclosed within the plasma membrane
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| membrane | separates the interior of a cell from the outside environment
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; cannot leave the nucleus; tightly coiled as a chromosome
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| somatic nervous system | allows voluntary control over the skeletal muscle
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| autonomic nervous systems | controls involuntary movements such as cardiac and glandular functions
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| exteroceptors | nerve receptors for pain, temperature, touch, and pressure
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| interoceptors | internal environment receptors
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| proprioceptors | movement, position, and tension receptors
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| circulatory system | pumps blood;
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| lympthocytes and antibody molecules | part of the immune system to defend against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms
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| respiration | expansion and contraction of the lungs; oxygen enters tiny capillaries combining with hemoglobin in red blood cells and is carried to tissues; carbon dioxide passes thru capillaries into the lungs
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| digestion | food is chewed and mixed w/saliva, then moves thru the esophogus to the stomach; involuntary muscle movements called peristalsis continues moving the food thru
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| eukaryotic cells | an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Almost all species of large organisms are eukaryotes, including animals, plants and fungi,
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| ecology | the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment
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| ecosystems | 4 major parts: producers(green plants), consumers (herbivores and carnivores), decomposers (fungi and bacteria), nonliving or abiotic components(dead organic matter and nutrients in soil and water)
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| ecosystem inputs | solar energy, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, other elements and compounds
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| ecosystem outputs | heat of respiration, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrient losses
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| habitat | place where particular animals or plants live
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| niche | the functional role of a species in a community (a lion's niche is preying on the animals in his habitat)
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| population growth factors | birth rate vs. death rate;competition, predation, and coevolution
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| predation | consumption of one living organism, plant, or animal by another
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| coevolution | joint evolution of two unrelated species that have a close ecological relationship; the evolution of one species depends in part on the evolution of the other
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| reproduction | process whereby living plant or animal cells or organisms produce offspring
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| asexual animal propogation | reproductive processes in which only one parent gives rise to offspring; offspring are identical to the parent
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| fission | the parent organism splits into two or more daughter organisms
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| sexual animal propogation | sperm uniting with ova for fertilization; by means of insemination/copulation or cross fertilization (such as sperm and ova deposited in water by fish)
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| evolution | change in the genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next
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| Darwin | 1809-1892; evolution proceeds by the natural selection of well adapted individuals over a span of many generations
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| Gregor Mendel | laws of heredity; pea plants; genetic discoveries
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| solar system | the sun and the eight orbiting planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
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| asteroids | generally carbonaceous or rocky-metallic
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| comets | ices and water; dirty snowballs
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| earth's rotation | 24 hour spinning
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| earth's revolving | 365ish day turning around the sun
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| the sun | medium sized star; one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy
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| galaxies | large collections of stars which are composed of not just stars but also hydrogen, dust particles, and other gases
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| stars | large masses of hydrogen pulled together under the influence of gravity
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| minerals | most common form of solid material in the earth's crust; the element must be found in nature and must neven have been part of any living organism; quartz, calcite, mica
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| rock | igneous (granite); metamorphic (marble); sedimentary (limestone)
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| igneous rock | fire rock; magma that hardens and solidifies
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| metamorphic rock | rocks that changed from igneous or sedimentary rocks
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| sedimentary rock | formed over thousands of years when little pieces of earth are broken down and worn away by wind and water
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| layers of the earth | 1) atmosphere (gaseous); 2)hydrosphere (liquid); 3)lithosphere (largely solid); 4)mantle (largely solid); 5)core (largely solid)
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| plate tectonics | movement of lithospheric plates
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| volcano | mountain that shoots out magma which then hardens into lava; created when two tectonic plates collide, form a mtn. and blow their tops
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| weather | due to heating from the sun
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| hydrologic cycle | storage, evaporation, precipitation, and runoff
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| river | large, flowing body of water that usually empties into a sea or ocean
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| estuary | where a river meets an ocean or sea
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| ocean | large body of salt water that surrounds a continent; cover more than 2/3 of the earth's surface
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| lake | large body of water surrounded by land on all sides
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| tides | alternating rise and fall in sea level; produced by the gravitional attraction of the moon and sun
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| hypotheses | an educated guess that states there is some measurable relationship between two quantifiable variables
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| observation | act of sensing some measurable phenomenon
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| organization | relating parts to a coherent whole
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| experimental | testing the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable in a controlled environment
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| inference | deducing a conclusion from a measurement or observation that is not explicit to either
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| prediction | stating the outcome of an experiment in advance of doing it
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| evidence | data or observations that are relevant factors in testing hypotheses
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| opinion | an explanation of phenomena that may or may not be supported by evidence
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| theory | systematically organized knowledge that explains scientific phenomena
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| law | statement of observable behavior based on consistent experience (the law of gravity)
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| cell | smallest amount of life that is capable of reproductions; plant and animal cells have membranes; reproduce in 5 stages
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| prokaryotes | cells that are bacteria, including cyanobacteria
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| eukaryotes | plant and animal cells
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| nucleus | the cell's brain; contains genetic material
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| cytoplasm | gel-like substance in the interior of the cell contains organelles
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| prophase | mitosis begins as the cell begins to divide
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| metaphase | chromosomes align around the equator of the cell
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| anaphase | sister chromosomes are formed and move toward opposite ends of the cells
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| telophase | mitosis ends as two new nuclei are formed
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| cytokinesis | cell splits into 2 daughter cells in the final stage of reproduction
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| meisosis | creates sperm cells and egg cells, each with half the # of chromosomes (haploid) found in the human cell
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| zygote | when a sperm cell and an egg cell combine, creating a complete set of chromosomes
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| chlorophyll in a plant's chloroplasts | captures energy from the sun; the solar energy combines the CO2 (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere with H2O (water)to make glucose (sugar)
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| respiration | energy created through cells
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| aerobic respiration | the oxidation of food, which takes place in the presence
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| anaerobic respiration | like fermentation which takes place without respiration
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| ingestion | take in food
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| digestion | break down food to usable forms
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| secretion | create and release useful substances
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| excretion | eliminate waste material
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| homeostasis | maintain the cell's equilibrium
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| chromosome | a rodlike structure in the cell nucleus
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| RNA | ribonucleic acid; the messenger that carries the genetic code thru out the cell
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| vertebrate | animals with backbone
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| invertebrate | animals without backbone
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| bacilli | rod-shaped bacteria
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| cocci | circular or spherical bacteria
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| spirilla | coiled bacteria
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| angiosperms | largest groups of plants; have flowers and true leaves
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| gymnosperms | plants that have no flowers and have needles for leaves
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| flower | reproductive unit of most plants
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| arthropods | include insects (ants, beetles, butterflies), arachnids (spiders), and crustaceans (crabs, lobsters)
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| insects | cold blooded; mature insects have 3 body parts-head, thorax, abdomen; make up 25% of all animals on earth;
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| metamorphosis | distinct changes of individual development from an egg to an adult; stages- 1)egg, 2) larva emerges from egg 3)pupa (cocoon) 4) adult (emerges from cocoon0
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| 23 pairs of chromosomes | # of chromosome pairs humans have; females have 23 similar pairs including a pair of X chromosomes; males have 22 similar pairs plus and X and Y chromosome
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| bones | consist of living marrow, blood vessels, and nerves surrounded by a hard calcium exterior
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| thorax | the ribs and the sternum
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| pelvis | hip bones and the sacrum
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| patella | kneecap
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| tibia | shinbone
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| tarsal | seven anklebones
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| metatarsals | the sole and instep of the foot
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| clavicle | the shoulder bone
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| scapula | shoulder blade
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| humerus | upper arm bone
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| radius and ulna | the two bones that form the forearm
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| carpal | the eight wrist bones
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| metacarpal | the five bones that form the palm
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| joint | where two or more bones meet; held together by ligaments;
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| cartilage | substance between the bones that absorbs the shock of the bones moving against one another
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| cranium | skull atop the body that contains the brain
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| spinal column | vertebra; partitioned into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx sections
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| central nervous system | the brain and the spinal cord
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| cerebrum | 3/4 of the brain's mass; partitioned into left and right hemispheres; temporal lobe controls hearing and smell, occipital lobe controls sight
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| cerebral cortex | surrounds the cerebrum
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| cerebellum | controls muscle activity and is located below the cerebrum
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| respiratory system | introduces oxygen into the body from the air
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| pharynx | the throat
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| trachea | the windpipe
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| atrium | upper portion of the heart
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| ventricle | lower portion of the heart
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| heart contracts | oxygen poor blood goes from right ventricle thru lungs to left atrium; oxygen rich blood goes from left ventricle thru lungs to right atrium
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| heart relaxes | oxygen-rich blood enters left atrium from lungs; oxygen poor blood enters right atrium from the body
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| arteries | strong tubes that carry blood away from the heart
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| capillaries | tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen to individual cells
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| plasma | transports red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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| red blood cells | carry oxygen
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| white blood cells | part of the immune system
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| platelets | aid in clotting
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| 3 types of muscles | skeletal muscles; smooth muscles; cardiac muscles
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| skeletal muscles | control voluntary acts such as chewing, jumping, and turning the head
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| smooth muscles | control involuntary activities and are found in blood vessels and the urinary tract
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| cardiac muscles | found only in the heart
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| pituitary gland | near the brain; controls other endocrine glands, sex glands, milk production, and pigmentation
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| adrenal glands | near the kidney; affect heart rate, blood pressure, blood vessels, and blood sugar
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| thyroid | in the neck; regulates mental and physical alertness
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| antigens | disease causing agents
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| lymphocytes | control the immune system and kill antigens directly
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| granulocytes | numerous; ingest antigens already killed by cell enzymes
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| monocytes | small numbers; ingest and kill antigens, alter antigens in a way that makes it easier for lymphocytes to destroy them
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| immunoglobins | antibodies; combine with antigens to disable them
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| cytokines | complement proteins and aid the immune response
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| ecology | the relationship between organisms and their ecosystem
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| aquatic biomes | ocean, shallow water, tidal marshes
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| land biomes | forest, grassland, and desert
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| water cycle | evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
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| evaporation | when heat from the sun changes ocean water and other sources into water vapor
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| condensation | when water vapor turns into water droplets which form clouds
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| precipitation | when the droplets become too heavy and water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
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| astronomy | study of space and the relationship of objects in space
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| sun | a turbulent mass of incredibly hot gases exploding with repeated nuclear fusion reactions; about 1,000,000 earths could fit inside it; surface temp 10,000 degrees Fah.
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| earth | third planet from the sun; about 91-95,000,000 miles from sun; 7,900 miles in diameter; tilted at about 23 degrees
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| lunar eclipse | when the moon is in the earth's shadow
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| solar eclipse | when the sun is 'hidden' behind the moon
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| cosmology | the study of the universe
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| andromeda galaxy | over 2 million light years from earth
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| meteorology | the study of the earth's atmosphere
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| high pressure systems | usually associated with good weather
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| low pressure systems | usually associated with bad weather
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| humidity | the percent of water vapor in the air
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| dew point | the temp below which the air will become so humid that it is saturated with water
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| fog | a cloud that touches the ground
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| stratus clouds | low hanging clouds; rain or snow may fall from nimbostratus clouds ; a few thousand feet above ground
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| cumulus clouds | puffy, cotton like; strong convective, upward wind currents; about 1 mile above ground
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| cirrus clouds | high wispy clouds made up of ice crystals; frequently 3-5 miles above ground
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| lightning | an instantaneous, high energy electrical discharge in the atmosphere; occurs when positive and negative charges are separated in the atmosphere; can be from cloud to cloud or cloud to ground
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| warm front | the air behind the front is warmer than the air in front
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| cold front | the air behind the front is colder than the are in front
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| oceanography | study of the worlds oceans and ocean beds; encompasses about 71% of earth's surface
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| seawater | 3.5% salt; the sea provides about 25% of the protein needed in the world
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| geology | the study of the earth, its development and origin
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| earth's five parts | atmosphere, crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core
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| atmosphere | the gaseous region surrounding the earth; 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, remaining 1%=carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor, and other gases; extends out 650 miles
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| ozone layer | about 20 miles into the atmosphere; protects from ultraviolet rays
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| hydrosphere | layer of water that covers about 3/4 of earth's surface; salt water makes up about 95% of earths water; ocean depth's average 12,400 feet
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| lithosphere | the rigid crust (20 miles thick) and upper mantle (40 miles thick); tectonic plates drift on asthenosphere which separate the lithosphere from the mantle
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| rigid mantle | reaches a depth of 1800 miles
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| outer core | about 1400 miles thick; made of dense rigid materials
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| inner core | radius of 800 miles; very dense and hot w/temps over 10,000 degrees Fah.
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| chemistry | the composition, properties, and interactions of matter
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| atoms | so small they cannot be seen even with microscopes; contain 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
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| nucleus | contains positively charged protons and neutrons with a neutral charge; negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus
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| periodic table | elements, either natural or artificially produced, that cannot be broken by chemical means into other elements; atoms are the smallest piece of an element
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| periodic table breakdown | each cell shows the atomic symbol and the atomic number of an element; the atomic number shows how many protons are in the nucleus; generally elements have the same # of protons and electrons
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| atomic mass | shows the total number of protons and neutrons
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| amu | atomic mass unit
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| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space; can be solid, liquid, or gas; can change from one form to another; made up of atoms; is conserved - cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted into energy
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| compound | formed when two or more elements unite chemically;
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| molecule | the smallest part of a compound with the properties of that compound
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| three types of chemical compounds | acids, bases, and salt; acids dissolved in water produce hydrogen; bases dissolved in water produce hydroxide; acids and bases combined form salt
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| a solution | formed when elements or compounds are dissolved in another substance (lemon juice + sugar dissolved in water is a solution of lemonade)
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| chemical reaction | when one or more new substances are formed (cement mixed with water creates concrete)
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| physics | seeks to describe nature thru a number of general statements or laws; these laws are often stated in mathematical form
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| mass | the amount of matter in a body; a measure of the body's inertia(resistance to change of motion)
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| weight | the measure of the force of gravity on a body
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| density | how compact the matter is
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| force | energy that causes a change in an objects motion or shape
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| velocity | magnitude (ex: miles per hour) and direction (ex: from 220 degrees)
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| newtons 1st law of motion (inertia) | a body maintains its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force
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| newtons 2nd law of motion (constant acceleration) | as force is applied to an object, the object accelerates in the direction of the force
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| newtons 3rd law of motion (conservation of momentum) | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (if two objects bump into each other, they are both pushed away)
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| wave frequency | the vibrations per second
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| wavelength | the distance between crests
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| light | produced by heated electrons vibrating at high frequencies; travels in straight lines; spreads out as it travels; black surfaces absorb light, white surfaces scatter light
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| sounds | are waves; must travel thru a medium(gas, solid, or liquid) for the human ear to hear it; travels thru air @ 1,110 ft/second, thru water @ 5,000 ft/second, thru stone @ 20,000 ft/second
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| protons | positive charge
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| neutrons | neutral charge
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| electrons | negative charge
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| electricity | like charges repel (ex: 2 positive charges repel); unlike charges attract (ex: positive and negative attract);
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| volt | measures the force of the current
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| ampere (amp) | measures the rate of current flow
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| ohm | tells the resistance in the wire to the flow of electricity
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
nuttyandplain
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