Biology Chapter 5 Vocabulary
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| cell cycle | pattern of growth, DNA replication and cell division that occurs in a eukaryotic cell
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| mitosis | process by which a cell divides its nucleus and its contents
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| cytokinesis | process by which the cell cytoplasm divides
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| chromosome | long, continuous thread of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase
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| histone | protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps
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| chromatin | loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase
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| chromatid | one half of a duplicated chromosome
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| centromere | region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis
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| telomere | repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes
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| prophase | the first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell
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| metaphase | second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator
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| anaphase | third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
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| telophase | last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membranes start to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and the spindle fibers disassemble
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| growth factor | broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division
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| apoptosis | programmed cell death
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| cancer | common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
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| benign | having no dangerous affect on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous
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| malignant | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism's health
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| metastasize | to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body
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| carcinogen | substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer
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| asexual reproduction | process by which offspring are produced from a single parent; does not involve the joining of gametes
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| binary fission | asexual reproduction in which a cell divides into two equal parts
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| tissue | a group of cells that work together to preform a similar function
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| organ | group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions
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| organ system | two or more organs that work in a coordinated way to carry out similar functions
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| cell differentiation | process by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function
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| stem cell | cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining endifferentiated
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