Biology Ch. 4 Study Guide
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| show | 1. All organisms are composed of cells.
2. Cells are the smallest living things.
3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
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| show | -Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the diffusion of substances into and out of cells.
-As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
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| 3) Desctibe Surface area-to-volume ratio in a cell: | show 🗑
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| 4) Microscopes are required to visualize cells. Describe the two main microscopes. | show 🗑
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| show | -All cells have a nucleoid or nucleus where genetic material is located
-have cytoplasm a semifluid matrix
-A plasma membrane
-Ribosomes to synthesize protein.
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| show | -Cytoplasm fills the interior of the cell. It contains sugars, amino acids, and proteins to carry out daily cell activities.
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| 8)Describe the function of the Plasma Membrane in a Prokaryotic cell. | show 🗑
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| 9) Which cell lacks a presence of a membrance-bounded nucleus? | show 🗑
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| 10)In Prokaryotic cells, Where is genetic material presence in a cell? | show 🗑
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| 10)What are the two main domains of Prokaryotes? | show 🗑
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| 11)What do Prokaryotes LACK? | show 🗑
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| show | -Its rigid cell wall which protect the cell and maintain cell shape
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| show | - peptidoglycan
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| 14)Bacterial can be classified into two types based on the differences in their cell walls, what are those two types? | show 🗑
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| show | -peptidoglycan. Made of a Variety of carbohydrate and peptides.
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| 16)What is a common feature that helps distinguish archaea from bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | -By rotating flagella
-Flagella are long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell.
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| show | -Eukaryotic cell
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| show | -Eukaryotic
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| show | -Achieved by an extensive ENDOMEMBRANE system that weaves through the cell interior and by numerious organelles.
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| show | -they possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure.
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| show | -The nucleus
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| 23) Describe the function of the Nucleus. | show 🗑
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| show | -Two phospholipid layers, which make up the Nuclear envelope.
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| show | ]-Prokaryotes- DNA is organized into single circular chromosome
-Eukaryotes- DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes
in chromosomes – DNA is organized
with proteins to form chromatin
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| show | -chromatin
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| show | -In the ribosomes
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| show | -composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
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| show | -Either free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes.
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| show | -The Endomembrane system fills the cell, dividing it into compartment where different cellular functions occur
1. endoplasmic reticulum
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
-Channels the passage of molecules through the interior of the cell
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| show | -Pebbly surface due to the presence of ribosomes.
-membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm
-synthesis of proteins are sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
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| 31) Describe Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and its functions. | show 🗑
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| show | -Functions in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in one location.
-Travel from RER into Golgi apparatues, then out of the Golgi apparatus in the plasma membrane.
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| 33)Lysosomes contain what? What is their function? | show 🗑
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| show | -Tay Sachs disease
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| 35)Where are microbodies found? | show 🗑
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| show | -membrane bound vesicles
-contain enzymes
-not part of the endomembrane system
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| 37) What are Glyoxysome? Where are they located and what do they do? | show 🗑
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| 38) What are Peroxisomes? Where are they located and what do they do? | show 🗑
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| show | -Vacuoles
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| 40) What are Vacuoles? What are they used for? | show 🗑
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| 41) There are different types of vacuoles: What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | -All types of Eukaryotic cells
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| 43) Describe the build of Mitochondria and its functions. | show 🗑
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| show | -cristae. The cristae partition the mitochondria into 2 compartments
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| show | -matrix is within the inner membrane
-intermembrane space is located between the two membranes
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| show | Do
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| show | 47) Mitochondria-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP
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| 48) What do Chloroplasts do? | show 🗑
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| show | -they contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and create their own food.
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| 50) Describe the build of Chloroplasts and its functions. | show 🗑
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| 51) Describe Endosymbiosis | show 🗑
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| show | -mitochondria and chloroplasts
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| 53) Thee Endosymbiosis theory is supported by what facts? | show 🗑
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| 54) What is the Cytoskeleton? What does it do? | show 🗑
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| 55) Eukaryotic cells may contain three types of cytoskeletal fibers. What are they and what do they do? | show 🗑
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| 56) What does myosin do? | show 🗑
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| show | -9-2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a 2 central microtubules
-Cilia are usually more numerous than flagella on a cell.
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| 58) What roles do Flagella and Cilia Play? | show 🗑
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| 59) What is the Extracellular matrix (ECM) | show 🗑
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