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1 )Cell Theory is based on what three facts?
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2) Why is cell size limited?
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Biology Ch. 4 Study
Biology Ch. 4 Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1 )Cell Theory is based on what three facts? | 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest living things. 3. Cells arise only from pre-existing cells. |
| 2) Why is cell size limited? | -Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the diffusion of substances into and out of cells. -As cell size increases, it takes longer for material to diffuse from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell. |
| 3) Desctibe Surface area-to-volume ratio in a cell: | as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area. If the cell radius increases by time 10 times, than surface area increases by 100 times, but volume increases 1000 times |
| 4) Microscopes are required to visualize cells. Describe the two main microscopes. | -Light microscopes can resolve structures that are 200nm apart. -Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are 0.2nm apart. |
| 5)All cells exhibit basic structural similarities, explain these 4 similarities. | -All cells have a nucleoid or nucleus where genetic material is located -have cytoplasm a semifluid matrix -A plasma membrane -Ribosomes to synthesize protein. |
| 7)Describe the function of the cytoplasm in a Prokaryotic cell. | -Cytoplasm fills the interior of the cell. It contains sugars, amino acids, and proteins to carry out daily cell activities. |
| 8)Describe the function of the Plasma Membrane in a Prokaryotic cell. | -The plasma membrane encloses a cell and seperates its contents from its surroundings. |
| 9) Which cell lacks a presence of a membrance-bounded nucleus? | -Prokaryotic cell |
| 10)In Prokaryotic cells, Where is genetic material presence in a cell? | -genetic material is present in the nucleoid |
| 10)What are the two main domains of Prokaryotes? | -Arcahea and Bacteria |
| 11)What do Prokaryotes LACK? | -ALTHOUGH they contain ribosomes, They lack membrane-bounded organelles, a characteristic of Eukaryotic cells. |
| 12)The strength of a Prokarotic cell comes primarily from where? | -Its rigid cell wall which protect the cell and maintain cell shape |
| 13) Bacterial cell walls (which are Prokaryotic) are composed of what? | - peptidoglycan |
| 14)Bacterial can be classified into two types based on the differences in their cell walls, what are those two types? | -may be Gram positive or Gram negative |
| 15) Archaean cell walls , which are Prokaryotics, lack what? Are made up of what? | -peptidoglycan. Made of a Variety of carbohydrate and peptides. |
| 16)What is a common feature that helps distinguish archaea from bacteria? | -The nature of their membrane lipids. Archaeal lipids (monolayer) include saturated hydrocarbons that are covalently attached to glycerol at both ends. |
| 17)Some Prokaryotes move around how? Explain the device that helps them move. | -By rotating flagella -Flagella are long, threadlike structures protruding from the surface of a cell. |
| 18)Which cell HAS a presence of a membrance-bounded nucleus? | -Eukaryotic cell |
| 19) Which cell is more complex? Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? | -Eukaryotic |
| 20)The hallmark of the Eukaryotic cell is Compartmentalization. How is this achieved? | -Achieved by an extensive ENDOMEMBRANE system that weaves through the cell interior and by numerious organelles. |
| 21) How do Eukaryotic cells contain support and structure? | -they possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure. |
| 22)The largest and most easily seen organelle within a Eukaryotic cell is what? | -The nucleus |
| 23) Describe the function of the Nucleus. | -stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes. |
| 24)The surface of the nucleus is bounded by what? Describe the function, | -Two phospholipid layers, which make up the Nuclear envelope. |
| 25) How is the structure of DNA in Eukaryotes different from DNA in Prokaryotes. | ]-Prokaryotes- DNA is organized into single circular chromosome -Eukaryotes- DNA is divided into multiple linear chromosomes in chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin |
| 26) In chromosomes – DNA is organized with proteins to form ____________. | -chromatin |
| 27) The site of protein synthesis in a Eukaryotic cell takes place where? | -In the ribosomes |
| 28) Each ribosome is composed of two sub-units, and each sub-unit is composed of what? | -composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins |
| 29) Where are Ribosomes found? | -Either free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes. |
| 30) Describe the Endomembrane system. | -The Endomembrane system fills the cell, dividing it into compartment where different cellular functions occur 1. endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. lysosomes -Channels the passage of molecules through the interior of the cell |
| 31) Describe Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and its functions. | -Pebbly surface due to the presence of ribosomes. -membranes that create a network of channels throughout the cytoplasm -synthesis of proteins are sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane |
| 31) Describe Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and its functions. | -Has relatively few ribosomes attached --synthesis of membrane lipids -The SER is used for calcium storage -detoxification of foreign substances to make them less toxic |
| 32) What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus? | -Functions in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in one location. -Travel from RER into Golgi apparatues, then out of the Golgi apparatus in the plasma membrane. |
| 33)Lysosomes contain what? What is their function? | -membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules -destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis -pretty much they break down old organelle and things taken in. |
| 34)The loss of a function of a single lysosomal enzyme can cause what? | -Tay Sachs disease |
| 35)Where are microbodies found? | -Eukaryotic cells. Cells of plants, animals, fungi, and protists |
| 36) Describe the qualities of Microbodies. | -membrane bound vesicles -contain enzymes -not part of the endomembrane system |
| 37) What are Glyoxysome? Where are they located and what do they do? | -Glyoxysome are found in plant cells -Contain enzymes that convert fats into carbohydrates |
| 38) What are Peroxisomes? Where are they located and what do they do? | -Contains enzymes that catalyze the removal of electrons and asociated hydrogen atoms. |
| 39) Plant cells have specialized membrane-bounded structures called what? | -Vacuoles |
| 40) What are Vacuoles? What are they used for? | -membrane-bound structures with various functions depending on the cell type. Plants use vacuoles for storage and water balance. In plant cells, known as Central Vacuole. |
| 41) There are different types of vacuoles: What are they? | -central vacuole in plant cells -contractile vacuole of some protists, pumps water and is used to maintain water balance in the cell. -vacuoles for storage |
| 42) What types of cells is Mitochondria found in? | -All types of Eukaryotic cells |
| 43) Describe the build of Mitochondria and its functions. | -Double membrane structure -Contain their own DNA -can synthesize proteins -Involved in energy metabolism |
| 44) The mitochondria contains a folded inner membrane with layers called what? | -cristae. The cristae partition the mitochondria into 2 compartments |
| 45) The cristae partition the mitochondria into 2 compartments, what are they? | -matrix is within the inner membrane -intermembrane space is located between the two membranes |
| 46) Mitochondria DO or Do Not contain theyre own DNA? | Do |
| 47) Mitochondria-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP | 47) Mitochondria-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP |
| 48) What do Chloroplasts do? | -Use light to generate ATP and sugars |
| 49) What is special about chloroplasts? | -they contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis and create their own food. |
| 50) Describe the build of Chloroplasts and its functions. | -Double membrane structure -Contain compartments of stacked membranes called grana -Contain thylakoids which are membranous sacs within the inner membrane |
| 51) Describe Endosymbiosis | -proposal that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship -one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed -mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way |
| 52)What two key Eukaryotic organelles are believed to be the descendants of these endosymbiotic prokaryotes? | -mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| 53) Thee Endosymbiosis theory is supported by what facts? | -have 2 membranes -possess DNA and ribosomes -are about the size of a prokaryotic cell -divide by a process similar to bacteria |
| 54) What is the Cytoskeleton? What does it do? | -It is a network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells -supports the shape of the cell -keeps organelles in fixed locations -helps move materials within the cell |
| 55) Eukaryotic cells may contain three types of cytoskeletal fibers. What are they and what do they do? | -actin filaments – responsible for cellular contractions, cytoplasmic division crawling, “pinching” -microtubules – provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell -intermediate filaments – provide structural stability |
| 56) What does myosin do? | -Cell (Movement) Crawling is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin |
| 57) The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure: Explain the 9-2 structure. | -9-2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a 2 central microtubules -Cilia are usually more numerous than flagella on a cell. |
| 58) What roles do Flagella and Cilia Play? | -They hep aid cell movement. -Flagella undulate to move a cell. -Cilia can be arranged in rows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward. |
| 59) What is the Extracellular matrix (ECM) | -Since animal cells lack cell walls that encase plants, fungi, and most protists. Animal cells secrete an elaborate mixture of glycoproteins into the space around them forming the ECM. |
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