Population and how they interact with their environment
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Population | All the individuals of a species that live together in an area
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| Demography | The statistical study of populations, allows predictions to be made about how a population will change
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| Three Key Features of Populations | 1. Size
2. Density
3. Dispersion
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| Size | Number of individuals in an area
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| Growth Rate | (birth rate + Immigration) - (death rate + emigration) =Rate of population growth
How many individuals are born and move into an area vs how many die and move out of the area
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| Density | measure of population per unit area or unit volume
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| Population Density | # of individuals / unit of space
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| Immigration | movement of individuals into a population
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| Emigration | movement of individuals out of a population
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| Density- dependent factors | Biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increases (disease, competition, parasites)
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| Density- independent factors | Aboiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density (temperature, weather) A cold snowy winter can decrease birth rates and increase death rates in the spring for deer
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| Dispersion: spacing of organisms | Clumped (aggregated), Uniform, Random
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| Population density | Number of individuals in a given area or volume; count all individuals in a population, estimate by sampling, mark-recapture method
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| Idealizing models describe two kinds of population growth | 1. Exponential Growth
2. Logistic Growth
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| Exponential Growth | A pattern of slow then rapid growth of a population. Growth curve resembles a J.
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| Logistic Growth | A pattern of slow then rapid growth finish in a stable population at carrying capacity growth curve resembles an S.
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| Carrying Capacity (K) | -The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources.
-There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support
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| Declining birth rate or increasing death rate are caused by | -Limited food supply
-The buildup toxic wastes
-Increased disease
-Predation
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| R Strategists | -Short life span
-Small body size
-Reproduce quickly
-Have many young
-Little parental care
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| K Strategists | -Longest life span
-Large body size
-Reproduce slowly
-Have few young
-Provides parental care
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| Age Distribution | -Distribution of males and females in each age group of population
-Used to predict future population growth
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| Species diversity | The more species and number of that species that occupy a habitat the more diverse the community is
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| Ecological diversity | The more diverse an ecosystem is the more stable it is and the more it has to offer in resources
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| Genetic diversity | The more diverse the genetics of a species the less likely it is to collapse in the face of hardship
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| Habitat loss | -The single most common cause of species extinction
-Reduces biodiversity
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| Reasons for habitat loss | -Farming
-Logging
-Urbanization
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| Ecological service | -Bees pollinate flowers
-Roots hold soil
-Predators prevent overgrazing
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| Economic benefit | -Honey, fruit and other crops are valuable and depend on diversity of pollinators
-Plants can be used for medical needs
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| Human population growth | - J curves growth
-Rate: 1.3% yearly
-Growing rate is 80 million yearly
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| Mutualism | Both species benefit
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| Parasitism | One organisms benefits at the expense of another
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| Commensalism | One species benefits while the other is not affected
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| Climax community | A community goes through succession, then when it is stable at the very end it is the climax
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| Climate change | The recent rise in earths surface temperatures
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