Ch. 15
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| the ability to cause disease | Pathogenicity
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| the extent of pathogenicity | Virulence
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| What are the preferred portal of entry? | -mucous membranes
-Skin
-Parenteral route
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| What are the three mucous membranes (portals of entry) | -respiratory tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-genitourinary tract
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| infectious dose for 50% of the test population | ID
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| lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population | LD
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| which portal of entry is most effective for the B. anthracis infection? | skin (10-50 endospores)
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| Which toxin is most potent? | Botulinum (0.03 ng/kg)
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| binds to receptors on host cells | Adhesins/ligands
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| How do bacterial pathogens penetrate host defenses? | -capsules
-cell walls components
-enzymes
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| How do capsules penetrate host defenses? | -prevent phagocytosis
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| Can human bodies produce antibodies against some capsules? | yes
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| True or false: nonpathogenic bacteria cannot produce capsules | false; many nonpathogenic bacteria produce capsules
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| What is an adhesin that resists phagocytosis? | Streptococcus pyogenes M protein
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| what is an adhesin to leukocytes where it can grow? | Neisseria gonorrhoeae Opa protein
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| What is a waxy lipid that resists digestion by phagocytes? | Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolic acid
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| enzyme that coagulates fibrinogen | coagulase
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| enzyme that digests fibrin clots | streptokinase or staphylokinase
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| enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid | hyaluronidase
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| enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen | collagenase
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| enzyme that destroys IgA antibodies | IgA proteases
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| Salmonella alters host actin to enter a host cell | Invasins
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| How do bacterial pathogens damage host cells? | -by using the host's nutrients
-by causing direct damage
-by producing toxins
-by inducing hypersensitivity (allergy) reactions
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| -use the host cell for nutrients -produce toxic waste products -cell rupture after intracellular growth | direct damage
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| true/false: most damage by many bacteria is done by toxins | true
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| substance that contributes to pathogenicity | toxin
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| ability to produce a toxin | toxigenicity
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| presence of toxin in the host's blood | toxemia
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| inactivated toxin used in a vaccine | toxoid
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| antibodies against a specific toxin | antitoxin
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| exotoxins are ____ and many are ______. *exam 3* | proteins; enzymes
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| exotoxin genes are carried usually by what? *exam 3* | plasmids or phages
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| exotoxins are produced by mostly what?*exam 3* | G(+)s
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| Lyse host's cells by *exam 3* | -making protein channels in the plasma membrane or membrane disruption
-disrupting phospholipid bilayer
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| superantigens are produced by what? *exam 3* | bacteria
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| what bind host immune cells (T cells) for a long time? *exam 3* | superantigens
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| What happens when superantigens bind host immune cells (T cells) for a long time? *exam 3* | host immune cells produce too much cytokine
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| too much released cytokines does what? *exam 3* | provoke a very intense immune response
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| too much released cytokins/ provoking a very intense immune response causes what symptoms? *exam 3* | fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death
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| do all endotoxins produce the same signs and symptoms, regardless of the species of microorganism? *exam 3* | yes
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| any life-threatening decrease in blood pressure *exam 3* | shock
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| shock caused by bacteria *exam 3* | septic shock
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| shock caused by gram-negative bacteria *exam 3* | endotoxic shock
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| viruses grow where components of the immune system cannot reach *exam 3* | inside host cells
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| the visible effects of viral infection are known as what? *exam 3* | cytopathic effects (CPE)
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| portals of exit *exam 3* | -respiratory tract
-gastrointestinal tract
-genitourinary tract
-skin
-blood
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| 2 major entry sites for microorganisms to enter a host | skin and mucous membranes (weaker, more vulnerable)
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| easiest and most frequent mucous membrane (common cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, measles) | respiratory tract
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| mucous membrane that should overcome stomach acid, bile, and enzymes (typhoid fever, salmonellosis, cholera) | gastrointestinal tract
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| mucous membrane thats a portal of STD (HIV infection, genital warts, chlamydia, herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea) | genitourinary tract
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| portal of entry through openings in the skin (hair follicles, sweat gland ducts) | skin
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| How is the degree of pathogen's virulence generally measured? | ID (50): infectious dose
LD (50): lethal dose
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| Which portal of entry is most effective for B anthracis infection? | skin
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| Which toxin is most potent? | Botulinum (most potent toxin on earth)
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| what bacterial molecules are used to bind to their host cells? | adhesin (ligand)
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| what molecules are used as adhesins? | Glycocalyx, Fimbriae, M protein
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| which microorganisms (m/o) uses dextran as an adhesin? |
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| which E. coli cell surface appendage is used to bind to host cells? | Fimbriae
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| M protein is used as an adhesion by what m/o? |
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| Generally how do bacterial capsules avoid phagocytosis? | capsules make m/o watery, harder to grab
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| How is M protein used to avoid phagocytosis? | M proteins bind to host cells and are not recognized by white blood cells
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| How is the Opa protein used to avoid host immune attack? | bind to immune cell and can survive when engulfed by white blood cell
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| How is mycolic acid used to avoid host immune attack? | waxy lipid= hard to digest
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| what is the role of coagulase in bacterial pathogenesis? | makes blood clots
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| what is the role of streptokinase and staphokinase in bacterial pathogenesis? | dissolve blood clots
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| How does streptokinase dissolve blood clot? | digests fibrin (molecules that form clots)
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| what is the role of collagenase in bacterial pathogenesis? | breaks down collagen (which keeps skin looking young, holds moisture)
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| what is the role of invasins in bacterial pathogenesis? | enters host cell by sticking adhesins into host cell (hooks into host cell, host cell eats bacteria)
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| invasins are what type of proteins? | cell surface proteins
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| Intracellular pathogens such as listeria, shingella, and coxiella burnetii, how do they spread one host cell to another? | Use actin to propel themselves from one cell to the next
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| actins can be protected by what? | antibodies
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| why do both human hosts and pathogens need iron for living and how do pathogens steal host's iron? | iron carries oxygen; steal transport proteins (that carry iron
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| what is the function of siderophores and what produces them | iron binding molecules that steal iron from iron proteins; bacteria produces them
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| how do pathogens damage host cells directly? | -use host cell for nutrients
-produce toxic waste products
-cell rupture after intracellular growth, some bacteria penetrate host cells by excreting enzymes and by their own motility
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| how can toxiods prevent microbial infections? | used in vaccines, which then give immunity to disease
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| definitions of exotoxins and enotoxins? | exotoxins: toxic substances released outside the cell
endotoxins: toxins composed of lipids that are part of the cell
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| which molecule is the endotoxin and which one gram negatives or positives have it? | Lipid A/ gram negative
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| endotoxins are ______ produced by _______ bacteria. | lipopolysaccharides; gram negative
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| what is not an advantage of being intracellular pathogens? | they can produce toxin more easily
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| How does actin differ from invasin? | actin is used to go from one cell to another, while invasin is used to invade one cell
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| toxoids are what kind of toxins? | inactivated toxins
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| acts as cement so white blood cells cannot attach to bacteria | hyaluronidase
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| breaks down collagen | collagenase
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| many bacterial products are used for medical purposes. In the case of the disease shown in the picture, what bacterial product can be used? | streptokinase (breaks down blood clots)
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| *exam 3* what are characteristics of exotoxins? | -unique structure and function
-genes carried by plasmids or phages
-produced by mostly G(+)s
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| *exam 3* Exotoxins are divided into 3 principle types on the basis of their structure and function. What are those? | A-B toxins, membrane-disrupting toxins, superantigens
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| what is the definition of A-B toxins? | 2 subunits: A component- active, possesses toxin activity
B component- binding, attaches to host cell receptor
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| *exam 3* what do hemolysins do? | kill red blood cells
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| *exam 3* what do leukocidins do? | kill white blood cells
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| *exam 3* how does streptolyin O disrupt red blood cells? | break the red blood cell and release the iron
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| *exam 3* What is the function of superantigens in bacterial pathogenesis? | bind host immune cells (T cells) for a long time --> host immune cells produce too much cytokine
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| *exam 3* what is the molecular component of exotoxins? | proteins
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| *exam 3* endotoxins generate what? | fever
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| *exam 3* what is Phage Conversion? | lysogenic cycle
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| *exam 3* what is the signaling mechanism for muscle contraction? | the brain
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| *exam 3* what is the role of botox? | to prevent wrinkle formation (from botulinum toxin)
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| *exam 3* how does botulinum toxin work? | blocks the release of acetocoline inhibiting contraction
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| *exam 3* What is the name of tetanus toxin? | tetanospasmin
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| *exam 3* how does tetanospasmin work? | binds to inhibitory interneurons preventing release of glycine and relaxation of muscle
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| *exam 3* how does cholera toxin work and what is the result? | (A-B toxin) pulls the ions out of intestinal tract; gives severe diarrhea
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| *exam 3* in an A-B toxin, B delivers toxin A by doing what? | binding to a receptor
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| *exam 3* what is the chemical nature of endotoxins? | lipids
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| *exam 3* how do endotoxins cause fever? | trigger immune response, release of cytokines, inflammatory process (pyrogenic response)
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| *exam 3* Endotoxins or exotoxins don't always cause fever? | exotoxins (depends on the exotoxin)
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| *exam 3* what are the benefits for microorganisms to grow inside host cells? | they hide from immune system, get lots of nutrients, if they infect white blood cells, then they can go to any part of the body
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| *exam 3* portal of exit example: coughing and sneezing | respiratory tract
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| *exam 3* portal of exit example: feces | gastrointestinal tract
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| *exam 3* portal of exit example: urine and vaginal secretions | genitourinary tract
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| *exam 3* portal of exit example: arthropods, needles or syringes | blood
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| *exam 3* which hormone is produced by the endotoxin and causes fever? | prostaglandins
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