fall 2017
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| Which of the following units are not SI units? (1) Roentgen (2) Coulombs per kilogram, gray, sievert (3) rad and rem | show 🗑
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| Who discovered x-rays on November 8, 1895? | show 🗑
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| Short-term somatic effects of radiation include which of the following? (1) Nausea and fatigue (2) Blood and intestinal disorders (3) Diffuse redness of the skin and shedding of its outer layer | show 🗑
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| show | fluoroscope
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| When x-rays were discovered, a charge was being passed through a pear-shaped, partial vacuum discharge tube. Light was seen emanating from a piece of paper coated with calcium tungstate that lay on a bench several feet away. | show 🗑
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| Which of the following effects must be measured to determine the total amount of radiation exposure in a specific volume of dry air under standard conditions of pressure and temperature (760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere at sea level and 22 °C)? | show 🗑
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| In the diagnostic radiology energy range (which includes mammography) from 23 to 150 kVp, which of the following tissues possesses the greatest ability to absorb radiant energy through the process of photoelectric absorption? | show 🗑
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| One millirem equals ___________ rem. | show 🗑
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| The quantity 45 rem equals _________ mSv. | show 🗑
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| What is the SI unit of radiation exposure? | show 🗑
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| show | clarence dally
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| show | 6000 cGy if the SI system is used
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| show | 1500 rem
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| show | Also increases
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| show | 4000 mSv
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| show | X-rays, beta particles, and gamma rays
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| For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV), which of the following quantities may be defined as the measure of the total electrical charge of one sign, either all pluses or all minuses, per unit mass that these two | show 🗑
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| show | 20
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| show | high-speed electrons
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| The effective atomic number (Zeff) of soft tissue is | show 🗑
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| show | Collective effective dose (ColEfD)
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| Which of the following radiation quantities can be used to compare the average amount of radiation received by the entire body from a specific radiologic examination with the amount received from natural background radiation? D EqD Exposure Co | show 🗑
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| If a patient undergoing x-ray therapy receives a total dose of 3000 rad, the dose may be recorded as _____________ if the SI system is used. | show 🗑
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| show | Alpha particles
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| show | Virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses
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| show | false
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| show | false
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| The lower the atomic number of a material, the more x-ray energy it absorbs. True | show 🗑
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| Biologic damage sustained by living organisms (such as human beings) as a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| What provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified? | show 🗑
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| Typically, people are more willing to accept a risk if they perceive that the potential benefit to be obtained is: | show 🗑
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| show | 3.5 rem
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| The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of: | show 🗑
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| What is the SI unit of electrical current? | show 🗑
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| Both occupational and nonoccupational dose limits may be stated in: 1. coulombs per kilogram. 2. grays. 3. Sieverts. | show 🗑
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| The term as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA) is synonymous with the term: | show 🗑
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| show | greater awareness of radiation dose.
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| show | bone
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| show | BERT method
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| show | 400 rem
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| If 400 people receive an average effective dose of 0.25 Sv, what is the collective effective dose? | show 🗑
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| show | ionizing
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| show | 1910
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| show | 15 years
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| As the intensity of x-ray exposure of the air volume increases, the number of electron–ion pairs produced: | show 🗑
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| Alpha particles have a radiation weighting factor (WR) that is numerically equal to: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is essentially the sum total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient’s body surface? | show 🗑
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| What was the total average annual effective dose from natural background and human-made radiations combined as of 2006? | show 🗑
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| One thousand five hundred rem equals _________ Sieverts. | show 🗑
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| show | 1,2,and 3
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| The mass of an alpha particle is approximately: | show 🗑
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| In the electromagnetic spectrum, higher frequencies are associated with: | show 🗑
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| Diagnostic efficacy includes: 1. imaging procedure or practice justified by the referring physician. 2. minimal radiation exposure used. 3. optimal image(s) produced. 4. presence or absence of disease revealed. | show 🗑
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| For x-ray and gamma ray photons with energies up to 3 million electron volts (MeV), what quantity may be defined as the measure of the total electrical charge of one sign | show 🗑
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| show | Characteristic radiation
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| show | an atom transferring its energy by causing some or all of the electrons of the atom to vibrate momentarily and radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.
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| In photoelectric absorption to dislodge an inner-shell electron from its atomic orbit, the incoming x-ray photon must be able to transfer a quantity of energy: | show 🗑
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| The radiosensitivity of ova: | show 🗑
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| show | Characteristic
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| show | high-LET radiation such as alpha particles.
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| How many different amino acids are involved in protein synthesis? | show 🗑
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| While passing through a human cell, an x-ray photon interacts with and inactivates the cell’s master molecule. What is the consequence for the cell? | show 🗑
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| show | x-ray photons.
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| show | 1,2,and 3
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| Which of the following groups of cells is least radiosensitive? Adult nerve cells Nerve cells in an embryo or fetus Lymphocytes Immature spermatogonia | show 🗑
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| What is the effective atomic number of compact bone? | show 🗑
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| Which curves illustrates the radiation sensitivity of a particular type of cell? | show 🗑
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| show | below 10 keV
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| Inorganic materials are compounds that: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following results in all-directional scatter? | show 🗑
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| As LET increases, the ability of ionizing radiation to cause biologic effects: | show 🗑
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| A biologic reaction is produced by 4 Gyt of a test radiation. It takes 16 Gyt of 250-kVp x-rays to produce the same biologic reaction. What is the relative biologic effectiveness (RBE) of the test radiation? | show 🗑
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| show | s
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| show | 2 and 3 only
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| A periodic blood count is not recommended as a method for monitoring occupational radiation exposure because: 1. biologic damage from ionizing radiation cannot be determined from a blood test. 2. biologic damage has already been sustained when an irregu | show 🗑
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| show | incoherent scattering
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| X-rays are carriers of: | show 🗑
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| show | 1, 2, and 3
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| show | Lymphocytes
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| show |
6.0 Gyt
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| The term apoptosis is synonymous with: | show 🗑
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| show | Coherent scattering and Compton scattering
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| Neutrophils play an important role in: | show 🗑
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| show | 1 and 2 only
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| show | pairs of nitrogenous bases
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| If bone marrow cells have not been destroyed by exposure to ionizing radiation, they can: | show 🗑
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| _________ of the effects of x-radiation and gamma in macromolecules of living systems (in vivo) occur as a result of indirect action. | show 🗑
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| show | increases markedly, increases
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| show | Mutation
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| show | Granulocytes
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| Differences in density level between radiographic images of adjacent structures as seen in a completed radiograph define | show 🗑
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| show | 5000 to 10,000/mm3 of blood.
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| Which of the following is/are considered low-LET radiation(s)? 1. X-rays 2. Alpha particles 3. Gamma rays | show 🗑
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| In humans with the gastrointestinal form of ARS, the part of the body most severely affected is the: | show 🗑
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| For persons with hematopoietic syndrome, survival time shortens as the radiation dose: | show 🗑
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| ___________ syndrome is not a form of acute radiation syndrome | show 🗑
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| Some local tissues suffer immediate consequences from high radiation doses. Examples of such tissues include: 1. Bone marrow 2. Male and female reproductive organs 3. Skin | show 🗑
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| Atrophy refers to: | show 🗑
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| show | high-level fluoroscopy
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| show | Multiply to millions of cells only during fetal development
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| The correct order of development for the female germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are classified as early (acute) deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation? | show 🗑
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| The prodromal stage of acute radiation syndrome is also referred to as the: | show 🗑
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| Research has shown that repeated radiation injuries have a _________ effect. | show 🗑
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| The hematopoietic form of acute radiation syndrome is also called the _________ syndrome. | show 🗑
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| show | 0.25; 25
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| A term that is synonymous with epilation is: | show 🗑
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| A single absorbed dose of 2 Gy (200 rad) can cause a radiation-induced skin erythema within _____ hour(s) after irradiation. | show 🗑
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| A cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may be accomplished through the use of a chromosome map. This may be called a | show 🗑
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| The correct order of development of the male germ cell from the stem cell phase to the mature cell is: | show 🗑
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| show | But successful results have not been achieved in these studies
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| Which of the following factors govern organ and tissue response to radiation exposure? 1. Growth rate 2. Radiosensitivity 3. Reproductive characteristics | show 🗑
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| show | High radiation doses
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| What is the reason why the ovaries should be shielded whenever possible during all imaging procedures? | show 🗑
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| A decrease in the number of neutrophils can be caused by a radiation dose of _____ Gy (_____ rad). | show 🗑
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| show | Manifest illness
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| Which of the following measures of lethality may be a more relevant indicator of outcome for humans? | show 🗑
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| show | relative
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| Radiation dose-response curves can be used to predict the risk of _________ in human populations that have been exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| The term “linear nonthreshold curve” implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is _____ the dose | show 🗑
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| Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to scientists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response estimates to predict the risk of: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is directly proportional to the dose? | show 🗑
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| Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a __________ dose-response relationship | show 🗑
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| show | Cancer
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| show | 0.10; 10
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| Cataracts, leukemia, and genetic mutations are examples of: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are late somatic effects? Carcinogenesis Cataractogenesis Embryologic effects All of the above | show 🗑
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| Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called _____ mutations. | show 🗑
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| Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans: | show 🗑
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| show | 1.56 Sv (156 rem)
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| show | 1 and 2 only
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| show | They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of occurrence of mutations
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| show | Embryonic death
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| Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to: | show 🗑
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| Normally mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. A genetic disorder is present in approximately ____% of all live births in the United States | show 🗑
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| show | Need not experience any adverse health effects as a consequence of their work
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| show | point
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| What measures the effectiveness of ionizing radiation in causing mutations? | show 🗑
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| Most radiation-induced genetic mutations are: | show 🗑
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| When exposure to ionizing radiation causes proliferation of the white blood cells, the radiation-induced disease that occurs is: | show 🗑
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| show | Both parents must have the same genetic defect
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| During the embryonic stage of development: | show 🗑
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| Which of the following are mutagens? 1. Elevated temperatures 2. Ionizing radiation 3. Viruses | show 🗑
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| The only concrete evidence that ionizing radiation causes genetic effects comes from: | show 🗑
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| show | Animal studies of radiation-induced genetic effects
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| show | stochastic
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| show | Directly proportional to the dose
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| show | Induction of cancer
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| Most diagnostic procedures result in an equivalent dose of: | show 🗑
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| show | 1,2 and 4
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| The radiation dose-response model is used to establish radiation protection standards because it accurately reflects the effects of: | show 🗑
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| Spontaneous mutations in human genetic material cause a wide variety of diseases including: 1. Down syndrome 2. Hemophilia 3. Sickle cell anemia | show 🗑
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| Which of the following agencies was previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission? | show 🗑
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| show | Functions as a monitoring agency in places of employment, Regulates occupational exposure to radiation-Part 1910 Title 29 of U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, & Responsible for regulations of the “right to know” of employees with regard to hazards in wor
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