test part 1
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| which of the following are environmental effects? | management and disease
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| when does evolution occur? | under natural selection; under artificial selection
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| what characteristics define a population? | species, geographical area
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| what traits are controlled by many genes? | weight gain
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| what are qualitative traits? | coat color
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| what are quantitative traits? | weights, number of eggs produced
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| what are economic trait affected by? | profit, perception, trends
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| how many gametes can you get with two pairs of genes? | 4
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| what affects weight gain? | genetics, weather, feed level
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| which of the following traits are high in heritability? | tenderness
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| which of the following traits are moderate in heriability? | yearling weight
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| which of the following traits are low in heritability? | reproduction
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| where would you select on the bell-shaped curve to decrease the average of the offspring? | left side
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| where would you select on the bell-shaped curve to increase the average of the offspring? | right side
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| what are examples of known effects? | animal age, animal sex
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| what are examples of unknown effects? | feed sources, weather
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| which of the following statements is true about contemporary groups? | they leave as much of the environmental effect as possible
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| what are some ways that you can correct for the environmental effect? | performance test, EPDs
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| EPDs estimate the differences in: | offspring
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| what data must be included to calculate EPDs? | Individual;s performance data, ancestors' performance data
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| which animal have EPDs? | Beef cattle
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| which of the following traits are correlated? | weaning weight, Mature weight, average daily gain
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| you have a selection index for litter size (0.5), growth rate (0.3), and carcass traits (0.2). what percentage of pressure are you putting on growth rate? | 30%
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| which of the following statements is false about inbreeding? | it increases heterozygosity
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| which of the following statements is true about inbreeding depression? | it is the opposite of heterosis
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| which of the following statements are true about linebreeding? | it is planned, it attempts to keep the positive genes in a population
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| which of the following statements is true about crossbreeding? | it usually involves using a complementary effect
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| which of the following statements are false about mongrelization? | it is not a form of crossbreeding, the maximum benefits of heterosis will never be achieved.
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| which trait does heterosis have the greatest effect on? | ribeye area, carcass quality
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| what distinguishes breed from purebred? | a breed usually has an established registry; a purebred animal may or may not be recognized with a breed association.
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| which of the following statements is true about the estrous cycle? | it includes estrus and non-estrus
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| which of the following hormones stimulates ovulation? | FSH
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| what are function of the testicles? | sperm cell production, testosterone production
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| how long is the gestation length of the cow? | 9 months
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| which of the following are organs of the female reproductive tract? | cervix, vagina, ovaries
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| what are roles of the male in animal reproduction? | provides sperm
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| where does fertilization occur in mammals? | oviducts
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| which of the following are functions of the uterus? | fetus expulsion, fetus incubation, sperm transport
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| where do pig embryos develop? | uterine horns
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| what structure is one the cow and ewe cervix that protects the fetus from toxins? | mucosal lining
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| which of the following organs are part of the female reproductive and urinary systems? | vagina, vulva, bladder
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| what functions does the endocrine system control? | Lactation, growth
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| which of the following are gonads? | ovaries and testicles
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| which of the following is a function of estrogen? | prepares uterus for implantation
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| which of the following is a function of progesterone? | maintains pregnancy
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| which of the following is a function of FSH? | Stimulates follicle growth
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| where does the corpus luteum form? | on the ovary
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| which of the following is a function of LH? | stimulates ovulation
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| which of the following classes does testosterone belong to? | steroid
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| when is the CL maintained? | when conception occurs
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| what does the anterior pituitary gland produce? | LH, FSH
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| what is the function of the seminiferous tubules? | produce sperm
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| which muscle does the scrotum use to regulate testicular temperature? | cremaster
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| what is the function of the Vas Deferens? | deliver sperm to urethra
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| when are fluids added to the sperm? | prior to ejaculation
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| what is the male organ of copulation? | penis
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| what muscle causes the bull, boar, ram, and buck to be S-shaped? | sigmoid flexure
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| True/ False: the stallion penis contains a lot of erectile tissue | True
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| True/ False: the bull penis changes in size during and erection. | False
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| which animal produces the most sperm? | boar
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| how many sperm does it take to fertilize an ovum? | 1
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| what is breeding season affected by? | anestrous
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| True/ False: pregnant females continuously cycle. | False
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| which of the following animals give birth only in the fall? | none of the above
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| which of the following are short-day breeders? | sheep
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| which of the following are long-day breeders? | Horses
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| what hormone is affected by day length? | melationin
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| what hormone does melatonin shut off? | FSH. LH, Gonadotropins
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| which of the following statement describes a freemartin | Heifer born twin to bull, Sterile heifer
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| which of the following terms describes dystocia? | difficult labor
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| True/ False: eggs are gestated in poultry. | False
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| True/ False: poultry do not go throughthe estrous cycle | true
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| True/ False: in poultry, the egg and ovum are the same thing. | False
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| in poultry, which of the ovaries is functional? | left ovary
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| which of the following statements describes poultry ovulation? | release of mature yolk from ovary
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| where does fertilization occur in poultry? | infundibulum
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| True/ False: an unfertilized egg will not produce a chick | true
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| which of the following segments of the poultry oviduct describes the magnum? | collects ovum from ovary
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| what systems is the cloaca associated with? | urinary system, digestive system, reproductive system
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| what is the terminal end of the poultry digestive system? | vent
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| True/ False: poultry testes are located outside the body in a sac called the scrotum. | False
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| True/ False: male poultry do not have a penis | True
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| How long can a hen store sperm? | 3 weeks
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| True/ False: to settle is to become pregnant | True
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| gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in female mammals and androgen release in male mammals | luteinizing hormone
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| all chromosomes not involved in sex determination | autosomes
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| percent of phenotypic variation due to genotype | heritability
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| value derived from placing different emphases on traits that have economic value | selection index
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| common passage area for reproductive, urinary, and digestive system | cloaca
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| any material that is used as a nutrient source for biological systems | feedstuff
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| surgical excision of one or both testicles or ovaries, performed most frequently to reduce gamete production or hormone secretion | castration
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| long, single strand of nucleotides that plays crucial roles in decoding DNA and transferring genetic information to cytoplasm for protein synthesis | ribonucleic acid
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| a matched pair of chromosomes that have the same gene sequences, with each derived from a separate parent | Homologous chromosomes
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| simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms; widely found in plant and animal tissue | glucose
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| system that functions in support, protection, and movement; important in blood cell formation and mineral storage | skeletal system
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| formation and production of ovum or female reproductive cell | oogenesis
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| circulating level of a hormone resulting in additional release of that hormone or another hormone | positive feedback
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| external sac of skin enclosing testes that functions to keep testes at optimal temperature for sperm production | scrotum
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| study of the chemical processes in living organisms and includes structures and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other bio-molecules | Biochemistry
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| the study of all biological aspects of food-producing animals | animal science
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| chemical molecule or solution able to accept or donate H+ in order to control the pH of a system | buffer
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| small vessel that allows blood to interact with cells | capillary
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| yellow, progesterone- secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg | corpus luteum
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| results from mating animals where positive trait(s) of one animal will correct negative trait(s) of the other animal | complementary effect
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| system that functions in allowing animals to interact with internal and external environments | nervous system
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| animal having only one stomach compartment where low pH protein digestion occurs; examples are humans, poultry, and swine | monogastric
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| order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule; determines structure of proteins encoded by that DNA | base sequence
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| process of delivering the fetus and placenta from the uterus through the vagina to the outside world | parturition
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| all processes of chemical modifications that occur inside the body or at the cellular level | metabolism
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| genetic evaluations designed to remove environmental differences to allow fair genetic comparisons | performance test
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| naturally occurring complex molecules containing n,c,h,o, and sometimes s and p; made of complex combos of amino acids and lined by peptide bonds | protein
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| visible expression of genes that can be measured | phenotype
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| describes a female that is incapable of producing offspring | barren
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| heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds with 4 nitrogens; with DNA, these are adenine and guanine | purines
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| time period when a female does not cycle or exhibit estrus | anestrous
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| diploid cell resulting from division of an undifferentiated male germ cell | spermatocyte
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| unborn young of vertebrates that have basic structural resemblance to the adult animal | fetus
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| membrane- enclosed cellular organelle that contains multiple DNA molecules that control cell activity by regulating gene expression | nucleus
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| all organelles and other materials within the cell excluding the nucleus and nuclear membrane | cytoplasm
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| long chain of hydrocarbons derived with a single carboxylic group and aliphatic tail that play a critical role in structure and metabolism | fatty acid
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| segmented organ in poultry that collects egg yolk from ovary and forms complete egg | poultry oviduct
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| bond where a pair of electrons are shared between two atoms | covalent bond
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| structures on ruminant uterus where attachment to placenta occurs to facilitate transfer of nutrients | caruncle
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| measure of acidity or basicity of a solution and is related to the molar concentration of dissolved hydrogen ions | pH
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| stage in development marked by development of secondary sex characteristics and the point where females initiate their first estrus and males produce sperm | puberty
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| male or female reproductive cell, either sperm(male) or ovum(female) | gamete
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| biological process that involves the combining of an ovum and sperm | conceoption
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| group of cells that function in movement and heat production | muscle tissue
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| organ designed to filter metabolic waste from blood and produce urine. | Kidney
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| male organ of copulation in higher vertebrates; also used for urine excretion in many mammals | penis
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| study of heredity and variation in living organisms | genetics
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| chemicals secreted by endocrine gland that has a specific effect on another organ(s) in other parts of the body; chemical messengers that control specific actions within the body | hormone
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| steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum on ovary and by placenta that acts to prepare the uterus for implantation of the zygote, maintain pregnancy, and promote mammary gland development | progesterone
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| non- viable cell produced by division of an undifferentiated female germ cell | polar body
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| traits that are objectively measured and the measure varies along a scale | quantitative trait
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| hormone produced by the pineal gland whose secretion is regulated by photoperiod | melatonin
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