Exam 2
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| is a process by which individuals organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment | Perception
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| Which of the following statements is true of perception? | Perception is influenced by past experiences.
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| Attribution theory tries to explain the ways we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a behavior. It depends largely on _________, _________, and ________. | distinctiveness, consistency, consensus
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| _____________ caused behaviors are those an observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual. | Internally
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| Which of the following is an example of an externally caused behavior? | A student is late to class because he got a flat tire on the way to school.
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| With regards to attribution theory, _______________ refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. | distinctiveness
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| According to attribution theory, if a behavior is __________________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes | high on consistency
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| The fundamental attribution error indicates that we tend to _______________ the influence of external factors. | underestimate
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| ___________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute personal successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. | self-serving
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| Individuals cannot process everything they experience. Because it is impossible for us to assimilate everything we see; we can take in only certain stimuli. Which term best describes this situation? | Selective perception
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| "Men are not interested in childcare" is best described as a ___________________. | stereotype
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| Which term refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics? | contrast effect
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| Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others that involves making generalizations to form perceptions rapidly? | stereotype
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| Which of the following is a discrepancy that exists between the current state of affairs and some desired state, requiring us to consider alternative courses of action? | problem
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| Which of the following is a decision-making model that assumes that the decision maker has complete information, is able to identify all the relevant options in an unbiased manner, and chooses the option with the highest utility? | rational decision-making model
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| What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? | defining the problem
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| In the area of decision making, what does satisficing involve? | seeking a solution that is satisfactory and sufficient
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| Which of the following is a nonconscious process created from distilled experience? | intuitive decision making
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| Which of the following refers to the tendency to overestimate our abilities and the abilities of others? | overconfidence bias
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| Which of the following is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information? | anchoring bias
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| Which of the following refers to our staying with a decision even if there is clear evidence that it's wrong? | escalation of commitment
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| Which of the following is the tendency to believe falsely, after the outcome is known, that we would have accurately predicted the outcome? | hindsight bias
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| _____________ proposes making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. | utilitariansim
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| Individuals who report to outsiders about their employer's unethical practices are known as _____________. | whistleblowers
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| Which of the following is a key characteristic of the utilitarian approach? | it can sideline the rights of some individuals, particularly those with minority representation
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