Study Guide
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| test | a measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding or prediction of behavior
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| item | specific stimulus to which a person responds overtly; this response can be scored or evaluated
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| psychological test, or educational test | a set of items that are designed to measure characteristics of human beings that pertain to behavior
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| scales | relate raw scores on test items to some defined theoretical or empirical distribution
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| individual tests | tests that can be given to only one person at a time
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| group test | test that can be administered to more than one person at a time by a single examiner
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| achievement | previous learning
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| aptitude | refers to the potential for learning or acquiring a specific skill
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| intelligence | refers to a person's general potential to solve problems, adapt to changing circumstances, think abstractly, and profit from experience
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| human ability | behaviors that reflect either what a person has learned or the person's capacity to emit a specific behavior includes achievement, aptitude, and intelligence
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| personality tests | measure typical behavior --- traits, temperaments, and dispositions; related to the overt and covert dispositions of the individual
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| structured personality tests | provides a self-report statement to which the person responds (objective)
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| projective personality tests | provides an ambiguous test stimulus; response requirements are unclear
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| reliability | refers to the accuracy, dependability, consistency, or repeatability of test results
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| validity | refers to the meaning and usefulness of test results
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| test administration | the act of giving a test
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| interview | a method of gathering information through verbal interaction, such as direct questions
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| test battery | two or more tests used in conjunction
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| representative sample | one that comprises individuals similar to those for whom the test is to be used
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| mental age | a measurement of a child's performance on the test relative to other children of that particular age group
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| traits | relatively enduring dispositions (tendencies to act, think, or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance) that distinguish one individual from another
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| factor analysis | method of finding the minimum number of dimensions (characteristics, attributes) to account for a large number of variables
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| inferences | logical deductions about events that cannot be observed directly
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| descriptive statistics | methods used to provide a concise description of a collection of quantitative information
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| inferential statistics | methods used to make inferences from observations of a small group of people known as a sample to a larger group of individuals known as a population
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| nominal scales | not really scales at all, their only purpose is to name objects
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| ordinal scales | scale with the property of magnitude but not equal intervals or an absolute 0, allows a person to rank items
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| Give an example of an ordinal scale | ranking person by height or weight
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| interval scale | scale has the properties of magnitude and equal intervals but not absolute 0
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| Give an example of an interval scale | Fahrenheit scale or Celsius scale
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| ratio scale | has all three properties, magnitude, equal intervals, and absolute 0
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| Give an example of a ratio scale | Kelvin scale
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| frequency distribution | scores on a variable or a measure to reflect how frequently each value was obtained
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| class interval | the demarcations along the x axis
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| percentile rank | answers the question "What scores fall below a particular score?"
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| mean | arithmetic average score in a distribution
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| standard deviation | an approximation of the average deviation around the mean; the square root of the average squared deviation around the mean
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| variance | average squared deviation around the mean
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| Z score | difference between a score and the mean, divided by the standard deviation
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| McCall's T | standard deviation is set at 10, mean is set at 50
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| quartiles | points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths
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| median | second quartile - 50th percentile
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| interquartile range | the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and 75th percentiles; the middle 50% of the distribution
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| deciles | use points that mark 10% rather than 25% intervals
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| stanine system | converts any set of scores into a transformed scale, which ranges from 1 to 9, standard nine
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| norms | performances by defined groups on particular tests
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| tracking | the tendency to stay at about the same level relative to one's peers
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| norm-referenced test | test that compares each person with a norm
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| criterion-referenced test | describes the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge that the test taker can demonstrate such as mathematical skills
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| scatter diagram | a picture of the relationship between two variables
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| correlation coefficient | a mathematical index that describes the direction and magnitude of a relationship
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| regression line | defined as the best fitting straight line through a set of points in a scatter diagram
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| In a negative correlation, high scores on the x variable are associated with what on the y variable? | lower scores on the y variable
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| intercept | the value of Y when X is 0. the point at which the regression line crosses the Y axis
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| example of a true dichotomous variable | gender - male/female or yes/no answers
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| type of correlation coefficient used to find the association between two sets of ranks | Spearman's Rho
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| type of correlation coefficient used to correlate a dichotomous variable (two categories) and a continuous variable | biseral (point biserial is true dichotomous)
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| what is the variance of 1, 2, and 3` | 1
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| x and y correlated .8. What is the coefficient of alienation of this relation? | .6
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| when talking about errors in terms of psychological testing, what are we referring to | some inaccuracy in our measurements
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| classic test theory assumes | that each person has a true score that would be obtained if there were no errors in measurement
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| We can get an idea of how much measurement error is present in a score through | the standard error of measurement
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| In the domain sampling model, the error that is being considered is the error caused by | using a limited number of items to represent a larger and more complicated construct - sample
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| The Federal Government guidelines require a test to be | reliable before one can use it to make employment or educational placement decisions
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| The difference between two typing tests reflects | practice effects, a form of carryover effects
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| Two equivalent forms of a test and administered both, in counter balanced order, to a group of people on the same day to access reliability is | parallel forms
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| The Spearman Brown formula corrects for deflated reliability because of | split half method
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| An example of the most conservative estimate of split-half reliability | Cronbach's coefficient alpha
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| Difference scores are created by | subtracting one test score from another
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| the agreement between a test score and the construct it is presumed to measure is referred to as | validity
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| validity refers to | "does it measure what it is supposed to measure"
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| Which type of validity requires that test items provide an adequate representation of the conceptual domain they are designed to cover? | content-related evidence validity
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| If a variable has a restricted range, it is difficult to estimate a validity coefficient due to a lack of | variability in both the predictor and the criterion
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| researcher seeking to develop a measure of depression cites a moderate correlation between her measure and another as evidence of validity; this is | construct validity evidence
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| discriminant and convergent evidence provide evidence for | construct-related validity
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| Cronback and other authors have argued that all types are validity are really categories of | evidence
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| the type of validity that subsumes all other types of validity is called | divergent validity
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| which of the following statements is true | It is logically impossible that a totally unreliable test is valid
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| attitude scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree | Likert scale
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| one method that is not used often because scoring is very time consuming is the | visual analogue scale
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| the optimal item difficulty of a 6-alternative test is what | .585
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| the proportion of test takers that get a good item correct increases as a function of | the test's efficiency, validity, and reliability
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| proponents of criterion referenced tests have criticized item analysis procedures because they | they do not help children learn; they just seem what the students have learned
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| .93 of top students and .89 of bottom students answers the same question correctly; the instructor should not use this question because | it is not a good question; it have high and low level, not sure about middle
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| peaked conventional tests present items that | are in the middle range, for middle students
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| The chances that low-ability test takers will obtain each score is called the | guessing threshold
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| in most situations a good test should contain items | that are the complete range, from easy to hard
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| the effects of examiners' expectations upon test scores shows that | there is a correlation between scores and expectations - expectancy effects or Rosenthal effects
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| Studies on the effect of reinforcement upon intelligence test performance by African Americans shows | that culturally appropriate verbal reinforcement caused higher scores
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| reliability and accuracy are highest when someone is checking on the observers | reactivity
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| data in behavioral observation studies have sometimes been found to be biased in the direction of the observer's own beliefs | contrast effect (form of drift)
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| approach used to remove the effect of uncontrolled variability | partial correlation
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| advantages of using computer-assisted test administration | easier to give; adaptability; open answers
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| research on integrity tests suggests | that the validity of them is questionable
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| worry, emotionality, and lack of self-confidence | test anxiety
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| statement used to comfort or support an interviewee | reassuring
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| transitional phrase | phrase used to move along the interview
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| verbatim playback | repeating the words directly back to the interviewee
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| level one response | response that does not have anything to do with the conversation
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| confrontation should be used with great caution | in cases where it would cause a problem because it is direct approach
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| tendency to judge specific traits on the basis of a general impression | halo effect
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| research indicates people are more apt to talk about or explore themselves at deeper levels when .... responses are used | open-ended
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| oldest approach to investigating human intelligence | psychometry
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| when sets of diverse ability tests are administered to large, unbiased samples, almost all of the correlations are positive, a phenomenon known as | positive manifold
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| main improvement of the 1908 Binet-Simon scale was the introduction of | the concept of mental age
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| the scale that used the terms idiot, imbecile, and moron | 1905 Binet-Simon scale
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| version of the Binet scale that first utilized a large, geographically diverse sample | 1972
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| improvements of the 1937 Scale | extended the age range and included an alternate equivalent form
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| most significant psychometric of the 1937 Scale | the reliability coefficients were higher for older subjects that for younger ones
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| deviation IQ became necessary because | to solve the problem of differential variation in IQs
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| First version of the Stanford Binet to include non-whites | 1972
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| In the 2003 edition the verbal and nonverbal scales are | equally weighted
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| major criticism of the Binet scale by Wechsler | did not have validity/reliability in older ages
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| Not true of Wechsler Scales | They are invalid for adults.
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| components of Wechsler's definition of intelligence | act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
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| subtest that measures short term and auditory memory | digit span subtest
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| Verbal IQ - mean = ; standard deviation = | 100; 15
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| subtest that measures ability to learn an unfamilar task, visualize motor dexterity, and degree of persistence | digit symbol coding
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| validity of the WAIS-III rests on | its correlation with previous tests by W
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| attempts to measure how quickly your mind works | processing speed index
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| evaluating relatively large differences between subtest scaled scores is | interpretation
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| An improvement in the WISC-IV over the WISC-III is in its use of | empirical data to identify item biases
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